Synthesis and characterization of polymeric additives based on α-Olefin as pour point depressant for Egyptian waxy crude oil

Several strategies have been utilized to minimize the problems that causes losses of billions of dollars per year to the petroleum industry. Octadecene (OD) copolymerizes with styrene (S) at variable ratios of 1:1, 1:2, and its copolymers were obtained from alkylation by Friedel-Craft followed by esterification and amidation. Infrared spectra (IR), gel permeation chromatography (GPC), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy were performed to characterize the end products. Waxy crude oil (Blank PPT = 27°C) from NQ7 well, Qarun Petroleum Company, Western Desert, Egypt, was studied, and the results indicate that crude oil treated with the prepared copolymers at dosage 2,000 ppm depresses PPT to 6°C and enhances the paraffin inhibition (PI) to 80% compared with blank. Good results are obtained by using the highest molecular weight copolymer compared with others.     

Sugarcane bagasse: a potential low-cost biosorbent for the removal of hazardous materials

The contamination of surface water sources by organic and inorganic pollutants is a major concern in rapidly industrializing countries, and the removal of these potentially hazardous contaminants from the aquatic environment using environmentally friendly technologies is therefore crucial. Biosorption, the passive binding of pollutants using dead biomass, can be achieved using various low-cost agro-industrial residues, which are a convenient substitute to the existing technologies for removing pollutants from aqueous solutions. This review deals with the implementation of sugarcane bagasse as a cost-effective natural biosorbent. We have extensively reviewed the status of research into sugarcane bagasse-based biosorbents in raw and modified forms and explore their efficacy in the removal of pollutants. For this purpose, we considered the bagasse modification processes, modifying agents, and the effects of different experimental variables (for example, biosorbent dosage, initial pollutant ion concentration, solution pH and temperature, contact time, and adsorbent particle size) on the adsorption process and potential. Moreover, we propose the following important goals for future research: (1) determine the adsorption potential of sugarcane bagasse at pilot and industrial scales, (2) demonstrate the efficacies of biosorption techniques for real effluents, and (3) conduct a molecular modeling study to elucidate sugarcane bagasse-associated adsorption mechanism(s).     

Aluminium process fault detection by Multiway Principal Component Analysis

Real-time fault detection is difficult to perform in an aluminium smelter because the continuous aluminium electrolysis is operated batchwise in terms of material additions, meaning the measurements obtained from the process are dynamic, multivariate and limited. This paper presents a new framework based on Multiway Principal Component Analysis (MPCA) to detect faults in real-time in the industrial continuous aluminium electrolysis process. This real-time fault detection system incorporates the dynamic behaviour of two important operations in the continuous aluminium electrolysis process, alumina feeding and anode changing. The methodology is demonstrated using real data from an operating aluminium smelter, and is shown to be effective in the early detection of anode spikes and anode effects.     

Squeezed displaced fock states and non-diagonal P representation

Abstract

An R representation with a squeezed displaced-Fock-states (SDFSs) basis is introduced. A non-diagonal P representation for the density operator with SDFS basis is defined. The special cases for the fields, chaotic and laser, are calculated. The Pegg–Barnett phase distribution is given and compared with the radial integration of the generalized P function. The Fokker–Planck equation for the damped harmonic oscillator is considered, and its steady-state solution is given.     

Investigating Thermal Parameters of PVDF Sensor in the Front Pyroelectric Configuration

A metalized PVDF pyroelectric (PE) sensor was used as an optically opaque sensor and in a thermally thick regime for both sensor and sample, instead of a very thick sensor in the conventional front PE configuration. From the frequency dependence measurements, the normalized amplitude and phase signal were independently analyzed to obtain the thermal effusivity of the sensor. The differential normalized amplitude measured with water as a substrate was analyzed to determine the sensor thermal diffusivity. The PVDF thermal diffusivity and thermal effusivity agree with literature values. Then, from the known thermal parameters of the sensor, the thermal effusivity of a standard liquid sample, glycerol, and other liquids were obtained by the similar procedure.     

Corrosion inhibition efficiency of synthesized poly 12-(3-amino phenoxy) dodecane-1-thiol surfactant assembled on silver nanoparticles

In this work, poly 12-(3-amino phenoxy) dodecane-1-thiol surfactant self assembled on silver nanoparticles was synthesized and characterized by different techniques. The synthesized polymeric surfactant and its nanostructure with the prepared silver nanoparticles were examined as non-toxic corrosion inhibitors for carbon steel in 1 M HCl solution using weight loss and potentiodynamic polarization techniques. The results show that the value of the percentage inhibition efficiency (IE%) obtained by poly 12-(3-amino phenoxy) dodecane-1-thiol surfactant self assembled on silver nanoparticles is better than that obtained by poly 12-(3-amino phenoxy) dodecane-1-thiol surfactant only. Polarization data indicate that the selected additives act as mixed type inhibitors. The slopes of the cathodic and anodic Tafel lines (βc and βa) are approximately constant and independent of the inhibitor concentration. The formation of a protective film was confirmed by the energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) technique.     

Study of the conditions for ibuprofen labeling with 125I to prepare an inflammation imaging agent

A procedure was developed for radioiodination of ibuprofen with ¹²⁵I via an electrophilic substitution reaction. With the aim to optimize the labeling conditions and obtain a high radiochemical yield of ¹²⁵I-ibuprofen (¹²⁵I-Ibup), the effect exerted on the process by the reaction conditions (ibuprofen concentration, pH, reaction time, temperature, oxidizing agent) was studied. With 3.7 MBq of Na¹²⁵I, 100 μg of ibuprofen as substrate and 100 μg of iodogen as oxidizing agent, with the reaction performed in ethanol at 60°C for 10 min, the maximum radiochemical yield of ¹²⁵I-Ibup (78%) was obtained. The labeled compound was separated and purified to remove inactive ibuprofen by HPLC. The biological distribution in normal and inflamed mice shows that radioiodinated ibuprofen is suitable for imaging of inflammation only induced with turpentine oil.