Uncertainties associated with global effects of atmospheric CO2

Although the evidence is quite clear that the increase in atmospheric CO₂ is at least to a large degree a result of fossil fuel burning, and it is equally clear that this increase will result in some change in the global climate, there are quantitative uncertainties that require additional understanding before full assessments can be made. There are quantitative uncertainties in the natural carbon cycle as well as uncertainties in the behaviour of the various reservoirs when perturbed by man. There are questions about the terrestrial biosphere and about the rate at which the oceans can assimilate and store carbon.There are uncertainties in regard to the climate change that can result from increased atmospheric CO₂. Progress in modelling the atmosphere must continue to narrow these uncertainties before the impacts of climate change on man can be adequately determined.The future demands for fossil fuels are uncertain. The growth of the developing world will be closely linked to fossil energy for the next five to eight decades, and rates of growth in these world segments are dependent on many ill-defined quantities.Only the observed increase in the atmospheric concentration and the present (and recent past) rate of production of CO₂ from fossil fuels provide data without uncertainties.     

Effect of information feedback on matrices learning for differing socioeconomic levels.

Examined the differential effect of 2 kinds of information feedback on performance when used to train matrix completion strategies. A matrices training task was administered to 120 white male Ss representing Grades 1 and 3 and low- and middle-socioeconomic status (SES) levels. After 4 enclosure-type items had been learned under 1 of 2 feedback conditions, Ss responded to a transfer set of 10 similar items. Results indicate that the 3rd-grade Ss learned more quickly than the 1st-grade Ss (p 1969-02983-001) concerning differential conceptual performance abilities characteristic of different SES levels. (28 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Coulometric determination of organic acids

A system has been devised for the coulometric titration of organic acids in a non-aqueous medium. The solvent system is benzene-methanol, 1∶1, containing LiCl as the electrolyte. The acid is titrated by reducing hydrogen ion at a platinum cathode. The anode reaction involves the formation of AgCl on silver. The endpoint is detected by an antimony-glass electrode pair and the derivative of the electrode output is used to effect automatic current shut-off. Alternative reference electrodes are discussed. Usual sample size titrated is 0.01 meq but the method can be applied to both larger and smaller amounts. The method has been applied to the determination of acid value and free fatty acid in fatty materials. The advantages of the coulometric determination are: 1) No standard solutions are required. 2) The titration is conducted without analyst attention. 3) The technique is simple and rapid. Presented at the fall meeting. American Oil Chemists’ Society, Chicago, Illinois, October 30 to November 1, 1961.     

Fatty acid distribution in the bovine pre- and postpartum testis

Testes from fetuses, calves, bulls and recently castrated animals were analyzed for total lipids, lecithin, cephalin, triglycerides, diglycerides, cholesteryl esters and cholesterol. Total lipids increase somewhat with age, but in the castrated animal the increase is more marked. Phospholipid content increases with age, but decreases in the castrated animal. Cholesterol decreases and triglyceride increases after birth and in the castrated animal. Polyunsaturated acids increase with age in all lipid classes. Eicosatrienoic acid is more abundant in fetal testicular lipids than in testes removed after birth. In the castrated testis there is a general decrease in the unsaturated fatty acids. Acids of the ω6 family are the predominant polyunsaturated acids and increase somewhat with age in all lipids. The ω3 family of polyunsaturated acids appears mostly toward the end of fetal life and increases after birth. Acids of the linoleate family reach approximately 25% of total acids in most lipid classes at maturity whereas the ω3 acids range from 1 to 9%. Presented at the American Dairy Science Association Meeting, Lexington, Ky., June 1965.     

Climate, economy, and the differential migration of white and nonwhite workers.

Studied migration into each of the 48 continental United States between 1950 and 1960 for 20-44 yr. old whites and nonwhites as it related to climate and economic variables within those states during the same period. For whites, a better climate in the form of more sunshine and higher minimum temperatures was about equally predictive of immigration as were average weekly earnings and increased employment rates. For nonwhites, increased employment rates, weekly earnings, as well as amount of public assistance payments were highly predictive of immigration. Good climate was negatively associated with nonwhite immigration. The 8 predictor variables used (5 climatic and 3 economic) accounted for 46.9% of the white and 64.8% of the nonwhite variance into the 48 states. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The effect of kind of dietary carbohydrate upon the composition of liver fatty acids of the rat

Weanling male rats were fed fat-free diets containing either starch, sucrose, glucose or maltose as principal ingredient. One fourth of each group was fed oral supplements of linoleate. Subgroups of the fat-free groups were killed at 1, 3 and 6 weeks and the lmoleate supplemented group also at 6 weeks. Liver fatty acids were analyzed by gas chromatography. All groups showed changes in fatty acid composition characteristic of essential fatty acid deficiency, and linoleate reversed these changes. The three sugars induced similar compositions of liver fatty acids, but starch stimulated appearance of higher proportions of several odd-chain fatty acids. These included 15:0, 15:1, 17:0, 17:1, 17:2, 19:0, 19:1, 19:2, 19:3 and 19:4. These changes could not be accounted for by their content in the dietary starch. Presented at the AOCS meeting, Houston, April, 1965. Visitor under the AID Program of the United States State Department.     

Personality characteristics associated with psychedelic flashbacks in natural and experimental settings.

Compared MMPI profiles of 30 male psychedelic drug users with and without previous flashback experiences. MMPI differences enabled correct classification of the majority of both types of Ss. Controlling for differences which might be attributable to the flashbacks themselves, profiles associated with previous flashbacks still reflected more "loose," less reality-oriented thinking. Under experimental conditions involving mild sensory deprivation and the administration of either placebo or 50 mg ephedrine sulfate, Ss with MMPI evidence of loose thinking experienced significantly more psychedelic-like sensations, even when given instructions that tended to inhibit altered states of consciousness. Results are interpreted as suggesting that flashbacks are exacerbations of more stable psychopathology which occur in situations that tend to induce altered states of consciousness even without previous drug use. (29 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)