Polarization-based cooperative directional MAC protocol for ad hoc networks

Numerous directional medium access control (DMAC) protocols have been developed to enhance the capacity of ad hoc networks using the underlying advanced physical layer techniques, such as beam-forming, multiuser detection (MUD), and multiple-input–multiple-output (MIMO). In this paper, we propose an innovative fully distributed DMAC protocol that cooperatively makes use of polarization diversity in low-mobility urban/suburban outdoor wireless ad hoc network environment. In the proposed cooperative polarization DMAC protocol (CPDMAC), each node directionally senses on both vertical and horizontal polarizations and dynamically adapts polarization that minimizes overall interference in the ad hoc network. Analysis is performed to establish relationship between vertically and horizontally polarized nodes in the network. Further, a theoretical lower bound is derived for probability of successful transmission to show capacity improvement as a function of cross polarization ratio (CPR). Simulation results confirm from 2% up to 400% improvement in average node throughput at data rate of 1.95 Mbps when compared to the traditional DMAC protocol. Moreover, our study clearly shows that the average throughput difference increases with increasing node density when compared to the traditional DMAC protocol.     

Molecularly‐Engineered, 4D‐Printed Liquid Crystal Elastomer Actuators

Three‐dimensional structures that undergo reversible shape changes in response to mild stimuli enable a wide range of smart devices, such as soft robots or implantable medical devices. Herein, a dual thiol‐ene reaction scheme is used to synthesize a class of liquid crystal (LC) elastomers that can be 3D printed into complex shapes and subsequently undergo controlled shape change. Through controlling the phase transition temperature of polymerizable LC inks, morphing 3D structures with tunable actuation temperature (28 ± 2 to 105 ± 1 °C) are fabricated. Finally, multiple LC inks are 3D printed into single structures to allow for the production of untethered, thermo‐responsive structures that sequentially and reversibly undergo multiple shape changes.     

Systematic design of wideband ΔΣ modulators for WiFi/WiMAX receivers

Modern multi-standard receivers in deep-submicron technologies pose significant design challenges on the analog baseband. Moving this analog filtering to the digital domain simplifies the design, yielding a process-scalable implementation. However, analog-to-digital converter (ADC) specifications now become more stringent and must be obtained by comprehending the standard and the system. Assuming a receiver NF of 5.96 dB and SNR degradation of 0.36 dB by the ADC, the proposed dual-mode WiFi/WiMAX receiver attains an input sensitivity of −74 dBm (20 MHz channel bandwidth). To accommodate the high dynamic range and the anti-alias rejection needed for the system, a Delta-Sigma (ΔΣ) ADC is proposed. Single-loop and Multi-Stage Noise-Shaping (MASH) architectures that achieve a SNR of 69 dB at a low oversampling ratio (OSR) of 8 for a conversion bandwidth of 40 MHz (108 Mbps, OFDM) are investigated at system level. Based on thermal noise, harmonic distortion, and power tradeoffs, a ΔΣ ADC design that meets the design specifications is presented.     

Construction and generation of OCDMA code families using a complete row-wise orthogonal pairs algorithm

A new code construction algorithm for incoherent Multi-Dimensional Optical Code Division Multiple Access (MD-OCDMA) for asynchronous fiber optic communication is proposed. We refer multi-dimensionality to two-dimensional (2D) wavelength–time or space–time domains and three-dimensional (3D) space–wavelength–time domains. The application of the algorithm in constructing 2D multiple pulses per row codes and 3D multiple pulses per plane codes is given. The performance of the codes is discussed. In the applications discussed, this construction ensures a maximum crosscorrelation of 1 between any two codes. The proposed codes have complete 1D code allocation, which increases the cardinality. The performance of some codes in literature is compared with the proposed codes. The analyzed performance measure is bit error rate due to multiple access interference for different numbers of active users. The performance analysis shows that the proposed 2D construction offers very low bit error rate at lower spectral efficiency when compared with other 2D constructions. A comparison of the proposed 3D construction with existing 3D constructions shows lower bit error rate for equivalent code dimension. New integrated optic designs for the generation of OCDMA codes using titanium indiffused lithium niobate technology are explored, which can enable compact encoders and decoders for computer communications.     

Single-Component CMOS-Like Logic using Diketopyrrolopyrrole-Based Ambipolar Organic Electrochemical Transistors

Complementary circuits based on organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) are attractive for the development of inexpensive and disposable point-of-care bioelectronic devices. Ambipolar OECTs, which employ a single channel material, could decrease the fabrication complexity and manufacturing costs of such circuits. An ideal channel material for ambipolar OECTs should be electrochemically stable in aqueous environments, afford facile ion insertion for both cations and anions, and also facilitate high and balanced electron and hole transport. In this study, triethylene glycol functionalized diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP)-based polymer is proposed for the development of ambipolar OECTs. It is shown that DPP-based OECTs have a high and comparable figure of merit for both n- and p-type operations. Logic NOT, NAND, and NOR operations with corresponding complementary circuits constructed from identical DPP-based OECT devices are demonstrated. This study is an important step toward the development of sophisticated complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor-like logic circuits using single-component OECTs.     

Firework inspired load balancing approach for wireless sensor networks

Wireless Networks - In Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), where power consumption is a huge concern, the improvement of the network’s lifetime is an area of constant study and innovation. The...     

High-Performance ITO-Free Perovskite Solar Cells Enabled by Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Films

The unprecedented advancement in power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) has rendered them a promising game-changer in photovoltaics. However, unsatisfactory environmental stability and high manufacturing cost of window electrodes are bottlenecks impeding their commercialization. Here, a strategy is introduced to address these bottlenecks by replacing the costly indium tin oxide (ITO) window electrodes via a simple transfer technique with single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) films, which are made of earth-abundant elements with superior chemical and environmental stability. The resultant devices exhibit PCEs of ≈19% on rigid substrates, which is the highest value reported to date for ITO-free PSCs. The facile approach for SWCNTs also enables application in flexible PSCs (f-PSCs), delivering a PCE of ≈18% with superior mechanical robustness over their ITO-based counterparts due to the excellent mechanical properties of SWCNTs. The SWCNT-based PSCs also deliver satisfactory performances on large-area (1 cm² active area in this work). Furthermore, these SWCNT-based PSCs can retain over 80% of original PCEs after exposure to air over 700 h while ITO-based devices only sustain ≈60% of initial PCEs. This work paves a promising way to accelerate the commercialization of ITO-free PSCs with reduced material cost and prolonged lifetimes.     

Upper bounds for blocking probabilities in large multi‐rate loss networks

In this paper, we consider large loss networks with fixed routing and multirate traffic. We use singlelink formulae and standard results on multidimensional Gaussian distributions to obtain upper bounds for blocking probabilities of new calls under light up to critical loading conditions. This is the loading regime of interest for many practical applications such as admission control in ATM networks. The main advantage of our approach is that the complexity does not scale with the size of the system, making it numerically attractive. Comparison with simulation results show that we get good upper bounds. We conclude by discussing the correlation between links in a network.