Greenway Planning Context in Istanbul-Haliç: A Compulsory Intervention into the Historical Green Corridors of Golden Horn

In the last two decades, planners and landscape architects have been concerned with the open space planning concept called ‘greenway planning’. This approach aims at nature protection that balances both conservation and growth, creating livable environments and maintaining open spaces. In Istanbul, the functional and spatial connectivity of greenways can protect the local landscape against urbanization and population growth problems. This study aimed to emphasize the natural and cultural heritage in an ecologically based planning approach. After taking into consideration the current greenway planning process in Europe and America, a planning strategy was determined for Haliç reflecting all characteristics of Istanbul and possibly representing the first greenway example in the city. Haliç was degraded by industrialization, urbanization, migration and inappropriate land use plans through the ages and existing greenway corridors had disappeared. As a result, current greenway planning strategies were foreseen as a solution to prevent threats to heritage and re-emphasize the lost identity of Haliç. It was emphasized as the starting point of a greenway plan that could be applied for Istanbul in general.     

Hollow fiber nanofiltration membranes: A comparative review of interfacial polymerization and phase inversion fabrication methods

Membrane-based separation is now established as one of staple technologies used in water treatment and reuse applications. Nanofiltration, in particular, can be a cost-effective solution for removing large ions and low-molecular-weight compounds from water. Nanofiltration membranes have been manufactured mostly as flat sheets and used in spiral wound modules. Hollow fiber geometry, however, offers several advantages over flat sheet and other configurations. This paper overviews recent developments in the design of hollow fiber nanofiltration membranes and provides a comparative analysis of two main methods of their fabrication: interfacial polymerization and phase inversion.     

Perception of Plants in Ancient Times and Their Use as Motifs Revealing Aspects of the Cultural Landscape in Side,Turkey

Landscape can be defined as a complex of human and natural interactions through time. Therefore, landscape identification requires a complete understanding of social, natural, economic, aesthetic and cultural values. Contributing to the aesthetic-visual integrity of the landscape, plants are a valuable indicator, recording the type and degree of the human – nature relationship over time. Our feelings, imagination and perception often contribute to the cultural dimension of the landscape and the role of plants in mythology can be used as a kind of linguistic code for helping to understand some aspects of cultural landscapes. The aim of this study is to demonstrate how a number of key plants were perceived in ancient cultures using some examples from the Mediterranean landscape and to use them to help to evaluate different dimensions of archaeological landscapes using the case of the ancient city of Side in Turkey. Multi-dimensional approaches in landscape evaluation which use symbolic meaning can generate valuable knowledge about cultural landscapes. This is precisely because cultural landscapes are the sum of biological, physical and cultural components, while plants as natural elements have bridged the biological and cultural dimensions.     

Reinforced thin-film composite nanofiltration membranes: Fabrication,characterization, and performance testing

Hollow-fiber (HF) membranes have the advantage of a higher packing density compared to flat-sheet and spiral-wound configurations. However, the low pressure tolerance of HF membranes limits their applications in nanofiltration (NF). In this study, reinforced thin-film composite (r-TFC) HF NF membranes were fabricated and evaluated in tests with water containing different salts and organic matter. Reinforced polysulfone ultrafiltration membranes were used as a support for a polyamide layer prepared from piperazine and trimesoyl chloride monomers. The interfacial polymerization conditions were optimized via selection of the trimesoyl chloride reaction time that gave the highest membrane performance. A specific permeate flux of 5.1 L m^–2 h^–1 bar^–1, an MgSO₄ rejection of 69%, and an NaCl rejection of 26% at a transmembrane pressure of 6 bars were obtained with the optimized r-TFC membranes. Performance studies with water characterized by synthetic solution demonstrated removals of the total organic carbon, ultraviolet absorbance at 254 nm, and turbidity in excess of 65, 80, and 90%, respectively. The results of this study illustrate the feasibility of manufacturing r-TFC HFs and using them in water-treatment applications. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019 , 136, 48001.     

Determination of microbial contamination sources for use in quality management of cheese industry: “Dil” cheese as an example

The microbiological quality, safety and shelf-life of cheeses depend on manufacture and handling in an environment that meets basic standards for hygiene and the management of hygiene in the process. In this research contamination sources of “Dil” cheese during production in a local dairy plant in Bursa, Turkey were determined. Eighteen different control points (raw milk, pasteurized milk, heated curd, molded cheese before kneading, kneaded cheese, brine solution for kneading, thermophilic culture, rennet, calcium chloride solution, brine solution for cheese, cheese vat, workers hands, production room air, production room floor, production room wall, packaging material and packaged cheese) have been examined for the enumeration of total aerobic mesophilic bacteria, Staphylococci, Enterobacteriaceae, Salmonella spp., Escherichia coli, lactic acid bacteria, Pseudomonas spp. and yeast-moulds. It was determined that viability of lactic acid bacteria in thermophilic culture was not in high numbers and some contaminations to “Dil” cheese were detected from the starter culture. Brine solutions and rennet were contaminated with Staphylococci. Yeast and moulds in production room air were the major sources of contamination. Pasteurization and kneading in hot brine solution can eliminate some of the microorganisms but that was not sufficient in the production of Dil cheese. Finish cheese should meet specific hygienic standards, with respect to regulations post-contaminations to the cheese must be inhibited and a HACCP plan should be established during production.     

0.1% Nepafenac reduces pain and increases patient comfort during cataract surgery

Purpose

To evaluates analgesic effectiveness of 0.1% nepafenac during cataract surgery.