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21.
Design tool integration is a highly relevant area of software engineering that can greatly improve the efficiency of development processes. Design patterns have been widely recognized as important contributors to the success of software systems. This paper describes and compares two large-grain, architectural design patterns that solve specific design tool integration problems. Both patterns have been implemented and used in real-life engineering processes. 相似文献
22.
Acute toxicity bioassays in which fish were exposed to short-term cyclic fluctuations of ammonia were conducted on rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) and on cutthroat trout (S. clarki). Companion tests were also conducted in which test fish were subjected to ammonia at constant concentrations. The tests ranged in duration from 96 h to 4 weeks. Median lethal concentration (LC 50) values in terms of both average and peak concentrations of ammonia for the fluctuating concentration tests were compared with LC 50 values for the constant concentration (conventional) tests. Based on comparisons of total dose exposure, results showed that fish were more tolerant of constant concentrations of ammonia than of fluctuating concentrations. Fish subjected to fluctuating concentrations of ammonia at levels below those acutely toxic were subsequently better able to withstand exposure to higher fluctuating concentrations than fish not previously so acclimated. 相似文献
23.
We have developed a miniature fiber-optic probe with no focusing optics for in situ analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The probe uses an optical fiber to transmit a laser pulse to a vapor sample causing it to ionize adjacent to the fiber tip through a resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization (REMPI) process. The distal end of the optical fiber is contained co-axially within 2-mm-inner-diameter stainless steel tubing that serves as an electrode. The electrode is biased at a high positive potential to collect electrons. The current generated is shown to be proportional over about two orders of magnitude to the concentration of the species ionized. Visible wavelength REMPI spectroscopy is used to determine probe sensitivities of 20 ppb (benzene) and 43 ppb (toluene). Designing the probe without focusing optics specifies an achromatic ionization region constant in size and position as the laser wavelength is scanned, which simplifies data collection and reduction. Focusing achromatic systems are discussed and the potential signal improvement is estimated. 相似文献
24.
There is currently considerable interest in the development of fluidized-bed boilers for efficient and environmentally clean combustion of coal. Fluidized beds have the advantages of high heat transfer rates and intimate mixing of additives such as limestone or dolomite for sulfur dioxide absorption produced as a result of combustion of coal containing sulfur. However, design for optimum heat transfer remains uncertain and essentially empirical. The mechanisms of heat transfer are complicated because of the many variables in a commercial combustion operation such as particle size distribution, particle shape, particle and gas thermal properties, reactor geometry and boiler tube design.An understanding of the mechanisms of bed to tube heat transfer is essential to sound design and interpretation of empirically derived correlations. Here we will review and criticize the major mechanisms of heat transfer that have been proposed. These mechanisms are proposed and developed from two schools of thought: (a) The principal resistance to heat transfer is a fluid film, and the moving fluidized particles scour the film to reduce the resistance to heat transfer; (b) Heat is absorbed by the fluidized particles and the rate of heat transfer depends on the rate of heat absorption.Radiant heat transfer is also discussed in this review in detail. Heat transfer by radiation is an important consideration in combustors but has received limited attention. The results of theoretical calculations are given which have been recently reported on the basis of the alternate-slab model of Gabor.The review will predominantly deal with the mechanistic models of heat transfer and various correlations developed over years will not be covered as this topic is dealt with in another review article by Saxena, Grewal, Gabor, Zabrodsky and Galershtein. 相似文献
25.
Isaksson T Yang H Kemeny GJ Jackson RS Wang Q Alam MK Griffiths PR 《Applied spectroscopy》2003,57(2):176-185
The diffuse reflection (DR) spectrum of a sample consisting of a mixture of rare earth oxides and talc was measured at 2 cm-1 resolution, using five different accessories installed on five different Fourier transform near-infrared (FT-NIR) spectrometers from four manufacturers. Peak positions for 37 peaks were determined using two peak-picking algorithms: center-of-mass and polynomial fitting. The wavenumber of the band center reported by either of these techniques was sensitive to the slope of the baseline, and so the baseline of the spectra was corrected using either a polynomial fit or conversion to the second derivative. Significantly different results were obtained with one combination of spectrometer and accessory than the others. Apparently, the beam path through the interferometer and DR accessory was different for this accessory than for any of the other measurements, causing a severe degradation of the resolution. Spectra measured on this instrument were removed as outliers. For measurements made on FT-NIR spectrometers, it is shown that it is important to check the resolution at which the spectrum has been measured using lines in the vibration-rotation spectrum of atmospheric water vapor and to specify the peak-picking and baseline-correction algorithms that are used to process the measured spectra. The variance between the results given by the four different methods of peak-picking and baseline correction was substantially larger than the variance between the remaining five measurements. Certain bands were found to be more suitable than others for use as wavelength standards. A band at 5943.13 cm-1 (1682.62 nm) was found to be the most stable band between the four methods and the six measurements. A band at 5177.04 cm-1 (1931.61 nm) has the highest precision between different measurements when polynomial baseline correction and polynomial peak-picking algorithms are used. 相似文献
26.
Abhishek Dubey Steve Nordstrom Turker Keskinpala Sandeep Neema Ted Bapty Gabor Karsai 《Innovations in Systems and Software Engineering》2007,3(1):33-52
Designing autonomic fault responses is difficult, particularly in large-scale systems, as there is no single ‘perfect’ fault
mitigation response to a given failure. The design of appropriate mitigation actions depend upon the goals and state of the
application and environment. Strict time deadlines in real-time systems further exacerbate this problem. Any autonomic behavior
in such systems must not only be functionally correct but should also conform to properties of liveness, safety and bounded
time responsiveness. This paper details a real-time fault-tolerant framework, which uses a reflex and healing architecture
to provide fault mitigation capabilities for large-scale real-time systems. At the heart of this architecture is a real-time
reflex engine, which has a state-based failure management logic that can respond to both event- and time-based triggers. We
also present a semantic domain for verifying properties of systems, which use this framework of real-time reflex engines.
Lastly, a case study, which examines the details of such an approach, is presented. 相似文献
27.
28.
For the general calculation of the transformation of steels the transformation diagram for isothermal transformation must be known. It is described, how from dilatometric measurements with continuous cooling the transformation at a constant temperature can be calculated. To do this, the simplex method must be used as iteration process to achieve sufficient precision. Even when measuring data are scattered around an ideal value by ±5% the transformation diagram for isothermal transformation can be calculated with considerable accuracy. 相似文献
29.
Gabor A. Somorjai 《Catalysis Letters》2005,101(1-2):1-3
Catalytic nanodiodes, Pt/TiO2 or Pt/GaN produce continuous flow of hot electron current during carbon monoxide oxidation for hours in the 80–150 °C temperature range at pressures of 100 Torr of O2 and 40 Torr of CO. These observations provide proof of the Schottky diode model of oxide supported metal catalysis of many reactions that have been proposed by Schwab, Solymosi and others since the 1960s. The flow of hot electrons should influence chemistry at oxide–metal interfaces and the metal particle size dependence of catalytic activity and selectivity. 相似文献
30.
Parameter Sweep Workflows for Modelling Carbohydrate Recognition 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Tamas Kiss Pamela Greenwell Hans Heindl Gabor Terstyanszky Noam Weingarten 《Journal of Grid Computing》2010,8(4):587-601
Carbohydrate recognition is a phenomenon critical to a number of biological functions in humans. Understanding the dynamic
behaviour of oligosaccharides should help in the discovery of the mechanisms which lead to specific and selective recognition
of carbohydrates by proteins. Computer programs which can provide insight into such biological recognition processes have
significant potential to contribute to biomedical research if the results of the simulation can prove consistent with the
outcome of conventional wet laboratory experiments. In order to validate these simulation tools and support their wider uptake
by the bio-scientist research community, high-level easy to use integrated environments are required to run massively parallel
simulation workflows. This paper describes how the ProSim Science Gateway, based on the WS-PGRADE Grid portal, has been created
to execute and visualise the results of complex parameter sweep workflows for modelling carbohydrate recognition. 相似文献