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Roughness coefficient and its uncertainty in gravel-bed river 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Manning's roughness coefficient was estimated for a gravel-bed river reach using field measurements of water level and discharge,and the applicability of various methods used for estimation of the roughness coefficient was evaluated.Results show that the roughness coefficient tends to decrease with increasing discharge and water depth,and over a certain range it appears to remain constant.Comparison of roughness coefficients calculated by field measurement data with those estimated by other methods shows that,although the field-measured values provide approximate roughness coefficients for relatively large discharge,there seems to be rather high uncertainty due to the difference in resultant values.For this reason,uncertainty related to the roughness coefficient was analyzed in terms of change in computed variables.On average,a 20%increase of the roughness coefficient causes a 7% increase in the water depth and an 8% decrease in velocity,but there may be about a 15% increase in the water depth and an equivalent decrease in velocity for certain cross-sections in the study reach.Finally,the validity of estimated roughness coefficient based on field measurements was examined.A 10% error in discharge measurement may lead to more than 10% uncertainty in roughness coefficient estimation,but corresponding uncertainty in computed water depth and velocity is reduced to approximately 5%.Conversely,the necessity for roughness coefficient estimation by field measurement is confirmed. 相似文献
84.
One of the most important scheduling and control problems that must be solved concerning the efficient operation of FMS is the part ordering problem, i.e. finding the optimal sequence of parts to be released into the manufacturing system. Methods currently available for handling this problem are based on heuristic dispatching rules. In this paper an approach for solving the problem using the simulation-optimization technique is proposed. Currently available heuristic approaches can only try to get the optimum at a local level because of the complexities of the system and the dependencies of its components, whereas the proposed approach tries to get the global optimum. 相似文献
85.
This paper considers a problem of configuring both backbone and logical networks in a reconfigurable circuit-switched network where links are subject to failures. The objective is to design feasible backbone and logical networks at least cost where the cost includes backbone link capacity expansion cost, lost-call traffic penalty, and hop cost (nodal processing cost). The problem is formulated as a zero-one non-linear mixed integer programming problem, for which a solution procedure is developed by use of a Lagrangean relaxation technique and heuristic methods exploited for improving the lower and upper bounds of any intermediate solution. The solution procedure is tested for its effectiveness with various numerical examples. 相似文献
86.
New infinitely variable transmission (IVT) systems are under development for the automotive industry as a means to achieving significant fuel economy benefits. These systems rely on the lubricating fluid to transmit the drive train loads across the interface of the transmission components. This requires the development of new fluids that exhibit high traction properties under elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHL) conditions. However, it has been reported recently that the traction performance of some fluids can reduce dramatically as temperature is reduced. This may place severe operational limits on IVT systems and suggests that the low-temperature traction properties of fluids for these systems should be studied in order to understand the mechanism for the observed reduction in traction. The work reported here is an experimental study aimed at identifying whether low temperature traction reduction is related to a fundamental change in rheological behavior specific to the fluids tested or to more generic changes in the EHL contact conditions. A series of model experiments were performed using a mini traction machine (MTM) on three high-viscosity polybutene samples. The results have been mapped against previously reported non-dimensional parameters used to identify different EHL regimes. The results show that dramatic reductions in traction occur when the contact transitions from the rigid piezo-viscous (RP) toward the rigid iso-viscous (RI) region. Similar results were also found for two other high-viscosity fluids of different molecular structure and lower traction properties. The results support the hypothesis that the reduction in traction observed at low temperature is due to a change in EHL contact conditions rather than being solely due to a change in the rheological performance of the test fluids. 相似文献
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Geographic information system (GIS) technology is attracting interest from a broad range of civil engineering disciplines because of its potential to provide a new environment for problem solving which could lower costs, improve quality, and support multi-discipline analysis for complex projects. This paper reviews the primary components and capabilities of GIS technology and shows how it is used in many civil engineering applications, including infrastructure management, transportation, land use planning, water resources engineering, and environmental engineering. 相似文献
90.
Synthesis and behavior ofAl-stabilized α-Ni(OH)2 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Nano-fibrous Al-stabilized α-Ni(OH)2 was synthesized by the urea thermal decomposition method. The grain morphology, crystal structure, thermal stability, chemical composition and electrochemical performance of the Al-stabilized α-Ni(OH)2 were investigated. It is found that the urea thermal decomposition is an appropriate way to precipitate the Al-stabilized α-Ni(OH)2 with excellent performance. The fiber cluster TEM pattern shows that the synthesized α-Ni(OH)2 powder is composed of agglomerates of much smaller primary particles. The stabilized α-Ni(OH)2 powder with a 7.67 A c-axis distance and low thermal stabilities is obtained. The FTIR spectrum shows that the materials contain absorbed water molecules, and intercalated CO32- and SO42- anions. The experimental α-Ni(OH)2 electrode exhibits excellent electrochemical redox reversibility, high special capacity, good rate discharging performance and perfect cyclic stability. Moreover, the synthesized α-Ni(OH)2 electrode also shows high discharge capacity and cyclic stability at high temperature. The electrode specific capacity remains 290 mA-h/g at 60 ℃, which is only 15 mA-h/g lower than its ambient value, and the capacity loss is 0.9 mA-h/g per charge-discharge cycle. 相似文献