Characteristics of Frozen Desserts Sweetened with Fructose and Lactose

Combinations of fructose and lactose were used as the major sweetening agents in ice cream-type frozen dessert formulations. In addition to the sweeteners, variable amounts of caseinate were subjected to a 2³ factorial experimental design in order to evaluate the most suitable combinations of lactose (4.5% or 5.5%), fructose (7.5% or 8.5%) and sodium caseinate (2% or 3%). Comparative chemical, physical and sensory analyses indicated that a formulation using 5.5% lactose, 8.5% fructose and 2% sodium caseinate gave product acceptability similar to that of an ice cream of standard ingredient array and composition.     

Liquidus Temperatures in the System FeO—Fe2O3—TiO2

Liquidus temperatures in the system FeO–Fe₂O₃–TiO₂ have been estimated from data in the literature supplemented with experimental determinations of the liquidus temperature for about fifty different compositions within the system using the quenching method.     

INFLUENCE OF CHEWING AND SWALLOWING BEHAVIOR ON VOLATILE RELEASE IN TWO CONFECTIONERY SYSTEMS

Electromyography, electroglottography and turbine airflow technology were used to characterize the chewing, swallowing and breath flow profiles of 35 subjects during the consumption of two different (a gum Arabic‐ and carrageenan‐based) confectionery chews. Simultaneous volatile release measurements were obtained using atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry. Subgroups of subjects displaying different eating characteristics were identified for both products. Parameters accounting for the maximum variance (product 1, 42% and product 2, 52%) between the subgroups were chewing force, chewing rate, proportion of work and total number of chews. Volatile release measurements were significantly different between the subgroups from product 1. The impact of the different eating characteristics on volatile release from product 2 was less defined, and postulated to be a result of the contrasting textural properties. Manipulating in vivo breakdown of chewy confectionery products, by texture modification, may influence consumer's volatile release and subsequent flavor perception.     

Analytical Study of Pure and Extended Portland Cement Pastes: II, Fly Ash- and Slag-Cement Pastes

A range of pastes of portland cement interground with low-calcium fly ash or granulated blast furnace slag was studied by X-ray diffraction, analytical electron microscopy, thermo-gravimetry, and determinations of CO₂ and of unreacted fly ash or slag. Partial replacement of clinker by fly ash results in increased reaction of the alite from at least as early as 3 d. The amount of Ca(OH)₂ formed from a given weight of clinker increases at 3 d due to the enhanced reaction, but from 28 d onward, it decreases due to the pozzolanic reaction. The mean Ca/SI ratio of the C-S-H decreases with time or fly ash content, toward a lower limit of ∼1.4. Partial replacement of clinker by slag also decreases both the amount of Ca(OH)₂ formed from a given weight of clinker and the mean Ca/Si ratio of the C-S-H, but to a lesser extent. Using the methods described in Part I of this paper, the results of the experimental methods were tested for mutual consistency, and volume percents of phases, porosities, and related quantities were calculated.     

A simulation-based experimental investigation of supply/timing uncertainty in MRP systems

The uncertainty inherent in material requirements planning (MRP) systems is of two general types: demand uncertainty and supply uncertainty. Supply uncertainty is a result of late deliveries (timing) or order shrinkage (quantity) or both. The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of operating policies on an MRP system given supply uncertainty resulting from timing factors, specifically the uncertainty caused by variability in the lead time of purchased parts. Experiments arc conducted to assess the impact of four factors: the amount of lead time variability, the amount of safety stock or safety lead time, the lot-size rule, and the holding cost and lateness penalty, on the total cost of the MRP system given supply/timing uncertainty. An MRP/Production simulator is employed to perform the experiments. Practical guidelines for the manager of an MRP system with supply/timing uncertainty are presented.