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11.
Hydrogel prepared by repetitive freezing and thawing of poly(vinyl alcohol) aqueous solution was chemically crosslinked with glutaraldehyde. The chemically crosslinked hydrogel hardly changed its physical appearance, and showed good elasticity and strength as original gel. However, after treating in boiling water, it swelled a little, depending on the condition of the chemical treatment. The melted gel thus obtained showed shape memorizing property, that is, it could firmly hold nearly 200% of strain, keeping its original high elasticity. The strain could be released very quickly (< 1 s) in boiling water, and the gel was suggested to be applied to a new type of gel actuator. X-ray diffraction study revealed that the melted gel does not necessarily reform the physical crosslinks in exactly the same manner as the original gel in the process of shape restoring, but the distribution of the physical crosslinks can be restored as they were. It was suggested that the chemical crosslinks which remember the distribution of the physical crosslinks plays a critical roll in the shape restoring process. 相似文献
12.
Kei Asada Sadao Eguchi Ayumi Tsunekawa Masaki Tsuji Sunao Itahashi Hidetaka Katou 《Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems》2015,102(2):209-225
A variety of process-based models have been developed for predicting nitrogen (N) dynamics in agro-ecosystem; however, no reliable models have been validated for N leaching from soils receiving a long-term application of different types of animal manure composts. The Leaching Estimation and Chemistry Model (LEACHM) was recently modified by incorporating the basic structure of Rothamsted Carbon Model for extending its ability to describe soil organic matter decomposition and subsequent N leaching in soils rich in organic matter. We evaluate the applicability of the modified LEACHM in cropped Yellow soils receiving 10-year application of cattle or swine manure compost in addition to chemical fertilizers, where high-frequency field monitoring data of soil water contents, soil N contents and leachate N concentrations were available for the last 3 years. Particular attention was paid to determine all input parameters from independent measurements, parameterization from known soil properties or databases without optimisation to fit the measured field data. The model reasonably predicted temporal changes in the soil NH4-N and NO3-N contents, and inorganic N concentrations in the leachate as well as their differences due to different manure compost/chemical fertilizer applications. The simulations of leached N concentration yielded a Willmott index of agreement (IA) of 0.62–0.68, with those for soil moisture, soil nitrate content and crop N uptake all within an acceptable IA range. In view of the good performance without site-specific calibrations, the modified LEACHM appears to be a valuable tool for predicting N leaching from cropped soils receiving long-term manure compost applications. 相似文献
13.
Takuya Orihashi Toshihiro Nakamura Sadao Adachi 《Journal of the American Ceramic Society》2016,99(9):3039-3046
The europium titania materials, pyrochlore Eu2Ti2O7 and orthorhombic Eu2TiO5, were synthesized from a mixture of Eu2O3 and TiO2 using the solid‐state reaction method. The structural and optical properties of these titania materials were investigated using X‐ray diffraction analysis, photoluminescence (PL) analysis, PL excitation (PLE) spectroscopy, and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. Temperature dependence of the PL intensity was measured between T = 20 and 450 K and analyzed on the basis of various theoretical models. A remarkable increase in the PL intensity with increasing T was observed in these titania materials at higher temperatures, above ~140 K, and well explained by a trap/reservoir model. Interestingly, a dramatic decrease in the electric‐dipole emission component relative to the magnetic‐dipole one was observed in Eu2Ti2O7 above T ~ 140 K. The schematic energy‐level diagram for Eu3+ in the Eu2Ti2O7 host was proposed for the sake of a better understanding of the PL and PLE processes in this type of phosphorescent material. 相似文献
14.
Zhensu Zeng Seiji Kuroda Jin Kawakita Masayuki Komatsu Hidenori Era 《Journal of Thermal Spray Technology》2010,19(1-2):128-136
The oxidation behavior of iron binary powders with addition of Si (1, 4 wt.%) and B (1, 3 wt.%) and that of a Ni-Cr based alloy powder with Si (4.3 wt.%), B (3.0 wt.%), and C (0.8 wt.%) additions during atmosphere plasma spray (APS) have been investigated. Analysis of the chemical composition and phases of oxides in the captured in-flight particles and deposited coatings was carried out. The results show that the addition of Si and B to iron effectively reduced the oxygen contents in the coatings, especially during the in-flight period at higher particles temperature. Ni-Cr based alloy powder with Si, B, and C additions reduced the oxidation of the base alloys significantly. Preferential oxidation and subsequent vaporization of Si, B, and C from the surface of the sprayed particles are believed to play a major role in controlling oxidation in the APS process. 相似文献
15.
16.
Adhikari CR Parajuli D Kawakita H Inoue K Ohto K Harada H 《Environmental science & technology》2008,42(15):5486-5491
Waste newsprint paper was modified with dimethylamine (DMA) to obtain a tertiary amine type adsorption gel called DMA-paper gel. This new derivative was investigated for adsorption, from hydrochloric acid medium, of gold, palladium, and platinum as well as some base metals. The gel exhibited selectivity only for precious metals with a remarkably high capacity for Au(III), i.e., 4.6 mol/kg dry gel and comparable capacities, i.e., 2.1 and 0.9 mol/kg for Pd(II) and Pt(IV), respectively. Also, Au(III) was reduced to the elemental form during adsorption. Furthermore, column adsorption and subsequent elution of the adsorbed metal ions by acidic thiourea revealed encouraging recoveries (approximately 90%), thus enhancing the scope of the gel for effective preconcentration, separation, and recovery of precious metals. The effectiveness of recovery of precious metals from real industrial liquor was also tested, and it showed highly encouraging results with respect to the stability of the gel in the harsh medium, and selectivity for the targeted metal ions in the presence of excess of other metal ions. 相似文献
17.
Hae-Seok Lee Hiroshi Okada Akihiro Wakahara Akira Yoshida Takeshi Ohshima Hisayoshi Itoh Shirou Kawakita Mitsuru Imaizumi Sumio Matsuda 《Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells》2003,75(1-2):57-63
High-energy proton irradiation (380 keV and 1 MeV) on the electrical properties of CuInSe2 (CIS) thin films has been investigated. The samples were epitaxially grown on GaAs (0 0 1) substrates by Radio Frequency sputtering. As the proton fluence exceeded 1×1013 cm−2, the carrier concentration and mobility of the CIS thin films were decreased. The carrier removal rate with proton fluence was estimated to be about 1000 cm−1. The electrical properties of CIS thin films before and after irradiation were studied between 80 and 300 K. From the temperature dependence of the carrier concentration in CIS thin films, we found ND=9.5×1016 cm−3, NA=3.7×1016 cm−3 and ED=21 meV from the fitting to the experimental data on the basis of the charge balance equation. After irradiation, a defect level was created, and NT=1×1017 cm−3 for a fluence of 3×1013 cm−2, NT=5.7×1017 cm−3 for a fluence of 1×1014 cm−2 and ET=95 meV were also obtained from the same fitting. The new defect, which acted as an electron trap, was due to proton irradiation, and the defect density was increased with proton fluence. 相似文献
18.
M. Goto S. Kawakita N. Kikumoto O. Iida 《JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society》1986,38(9):43-46
This paper describes the successful test operation of a 50 t/h concentrate feed rate (or on the anode copper basis 9000 tlm) with the Mitsubishi Process. Particular emphasis is given to the analyses of the furnace capacity by the measurement of flow pattern and oxygen potential. Smelting rate on the unit hearth area of the smelting furnace is now one-ton of concentrate/m2·h. The results of the analyses show the further potential of the furnace capacity of the process. 相似文献
19.
Hiroaki Matsumoto Sadao Watanabe Naoya Masahashi Shuji Hanada 《Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A》2006,37(11):3239-3249
The Young’s modulus of Ti-V and Ti-V-Sn alloys quenched from the β-phase region after solution treatment and cold rolling
was investigated in relation to alloy compositions, microstructures, and constituent phases. The composition dependence of
the Young’s modulus for quenched Ti-V binary alloys shows two minima of 69 GPa at Ti-10 mass pct V and 72 GPa at Ti-26 mass
pct V. Between the two compositions, athermalω or stress-induced ω is introduced in retainedβ phase and increases Young’s modulus. That is, a low Young’s modulus is attained unless alloys undergoω transformation. In Ti-5 and -8 mass pct V, which under goα′ (hcp) martensitic transformation on quenching, the Young’s modulus further decreases by cold rolling, which can be reasonably
explained by the formation ofα′ rolling texture. Comparing Young’s modulus in Ti-V binary alloy with that in Ti-Nb binary alloy, it is found that Young’s
modulus is remarkably increased by athermal- or stress inducedω phase, and it shows a minimum when both martensitic andω transformation are suppressed during quenching in metastableβ alloys. The Sn addition to Ti-V binary alloy retards or suppresses athermal and stress-inducedω transformation, thereby decreasing Young’s modulus. Young’s modulus exhibits minimum values of 51 GPa in quenched (Ti-12
pct V)-2 pct Sn and of 57 GPa in cold-rolled (Ti-12 pct V)-6 pct Sn. 相似文献
20.