Effect of Aqueous Enzymatic Processes on Sunflower Oil Quality

The use of enzymes in aqueous vegetable oilseed extraction for simultaneous recovery of high quality oil and protein is gaining recognition. In the present work, five enzyme preparations [Protex 7L by Genencor (Rochester, NY USA), Alcalase 2.4L, and Viscozyme L by Novozymes (Bagsvaerd, Denmark), Natuzyme by Bioproton Pty Ltd (Australia) and Kemzyme by Kemin Europa N·V. (Belgium)] were studied to evaluate their effects on the extraction of oil and protein from sunflower seeds. Preliminary experiments were conducted for the selection of enzymes, optimum enzyme concentration, incubation time and pH. Maximum oil yield (87.25% of the total oil in the seed) was obtained with Viscozyme L, whereas, Protex 7L offered the highest level of protein in the aqueous phase. The comparison of the quality attributes of enzyme-assisted aqueous extracted (EAAE) oil with those of solvent-extracted and control (oils extracted without enzyme treatment) oils revealed no significant (P > 0.05) variations for iodine value, density, refractive index, unsaponifiable matter, and fatty acid composition among the extraction methods. The control and EAAE oils also exhibited a better oxidation state. The tocopherol concentration for the oils, produced with the enzymes, was noted to be quite improved relative to the control and solvent-extracted oils. A higher antioxidant activity in terms of total phenolic contents, 2,2′-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl scavenging capacity and inhibition of linoleic acid peroxidation was also observed for the EAAE oils as against control and the solvent-extracted oils.     

Cyto-Genotoxic and Transcriptomic Alterations in Human Liver Cells by Tris (2-Ethylhexyl) Phosphate (TEHP): A Putative Hepatocarcinogen

Tris (2-ethylhexyl) phosphate (TEHP) is an organophosphate flame retardant (OPFRs) which is extensively used as a plasticizer and has been detected in human body fluids. Contemporarily, toxicological studies on TEHP in human cells are very limited and there are few studies on its genotoxicity and cell death mechanism in human liver cells (HepG2). Herein, we find that HepG2 cells exposed to TEHP (100, 200, 400 µM) for 72 h reduced cell survival to 19.68%, 49.83%, 58.91% and 29.08%, 47.7% and 57.90%, measured by MTT and NRU assays. TEHP did not induce cytotoxicity at lower concentrations (5, 10, 25, 50 µM) after 24 h and 48 h of exposure. Flow cytometric analysis of TEHP-treated cells elevated intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), nitric oxide (NO), Ca⁺⁺ influx and esterase levels, leading to mitochondrial dysfunction (ΔΨm). DNA damage analysis by comet assay showed 4.67, 9.35, 13.78-fold greater OTM values in TEHP (100, 200, 400 µM)-treated cells. Cell cycle analysis exhibited 23.1%, 29.6%, and 50.8% of cells in SubG1 apoptotic phase after TEHP (100, 200 and 400 μM) treatment. Immunofluorescence data affirmed the activation of P53, caspase 3 and 9 proteins in TEHP-treated cells. In qPCR array of 84 genes, HepG2 cells treated with TEHP (100 µM, 72 h) upregulated 10 genes and downregulated 4 genes belonging to a human cancer pathway. Our novel data categorically indicate that TEHP is an oxidative stressor and carcinogenic entity, which exaggerates mitochondrial functions to induce cyto- and genotoxicity and cell death, implying its hepatotoxic features.     

Extruded Moringa Leaf–Oat Flour Snacks: Physical,Nutritional, and Sensory Properties

Expanded snacks based on Moringa (Moringa oleifera) leaf powder (MLP) and oat flour were produced using a lab-scale twin-screw extruder. Four levels of MLP (0, 15, 30, and 45%, dry blend basis) and three levels of in-barrel moisture content (19, 22, and 26%, wet basis) were studied. Expansion of extrudates decreased as MLP level increased. On the other hand, expansion was positively affected by in-barrel moisture for all treatments with MLP. The role of MLP and in-barrel moisture in modifying phase transition, water binding, and gas-holding capacity of the extrusion melt was evaluated and related to product properties.     

Variable chemical process and radiative nonlinear impact on magnetohydrodynamics Cross nanofluid: An approach toward controlling global warming

Solar energy is the basic source of renewable energy, and it is being used for controlling global pollution/warming. As the Cross nanofluid is very useful for cooling solar devices, in this paper analysis of the global warming effect is investigated by incorporating the nonlinear thermal radiation over the exponentially extendable surface because it plays a major role related to solar energy absorption of nanofluid. Furthermore, the mathematical modeling of Cross nanofluid involving magnetic effect and diffusion is discussed by using the fact of chemical reaction. Chemical reaction finds astonishing applications in pollution studies, chemical processing equipment, and polymer production. As a result of this study, it is noticed that more magnetized conducting fluid controls the motion of fluids for both cases of shear thinning and shear thickening. Brownian motion parameter Nb affects the rate of the random motion of nanoparticles. Increased Nb temperature also increases due to these random movements of nanoparticles. That is the reason why pollutant nanoparticles spread in air as a result of global warming increase.     

Effect of Kiam (Cotylelobium lanceolatum Craib) Wood Extract on the Haemoglobin-Mediated Lipid Oxidation of Washed Asian Sea Bass Mince

Introduction

Effect of ethanolic kiam wood extract (EKWE; 12 0.05% and 0.1%, w/w) on the retardation of haemoglobin-mediated lipid oxidation of washed Asian sea bass mince added without and with menhaden oil stored in ice up to 10 days was investigated.

Results and discussion

Samples containing haemoglobin had the highest peroxide value (PV) within the first 8 days and possessed the greater amount of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS), compared to those added with no haemoglobin (P?<?0.05), regardless of 5% menhaden oil addition. Incorporation of 5% (v/w) menhaden oil to the washed mince had no impact on the formation of PV and TBARS, compared with oil-free samples during the storage (P?>?0.05). With addition of EKWE, lipid oxidation in washed mince added with haemoglobin and menhaden oil was retarded, especially when the higher level (0.1%; w/w) was used, as evidenced by lowered PV and TBARS. Formation of volatile lipid oxidation compounds was retarded in the sample containing oil and haemoglobin and treated with 0.1% EKWE, compared with that without the addition of EKWE after 10 days of storage in ice (P?<?0.05).

Conclusion

Sensory analysis revealed that samples containing haemoglobin without and with oil added had the highest intensity of fishy odour, compared to those treated with EKWE (0.05% and 0.1%) and the control sample (washed mince; P?<?0.05). Thus, EKWE, especially at a level of 0.1%, could serve as a potential natural antioxidant in prevention of lipid oxidation and retardation of development of fishy odour and volatile lipid oxidation compounds in washed mince during iced storage.