阵列式布设内栓钉的钢管混凝土K型节点足尺模型疲劳性能研究

为研究阵列式布设内栓钉的钢管混凝土K型(CFST KS)节点疲劳性能,进行CFST KS节点和不布设内栓钉的钢管混凝土K型节点(CFST K)足尺模型的疲劳试验和有限元研究,对比分析了2种节点的热点应力分布、疲劳裂纹扩展过程和疲劳破坏模式,研究了内栓钉布设区域与排布方式对热点应力的影响,采用基于热点应力的S-N曲线探讨疲劳寿命的判定标准与疲劳寿命评价方法。结果表明：CFST KS节点的热点应力宜采用3点外插法计算,最大热点应力位于冠点处;CFST KS节点的疲劳性能演化过程可以分为疲劳裂纹的萌生、扩展和破坏三个阶段,CFST KS节点较CFST K节点在裂纹扩展阶段荷载反复次数更高,在裂纹破坏阶段疲劳裂纹的扩展速率更低,由于布设了内栓钉,疲劳裂纹扩展至鞍点附近后不再继续沿着相贯线方向扩展,而往主管环向且与主管轴线呈一定角度发展;建议采用CFST K节点冠点应变峰值变化15%对应的荷载反复次数作为疲劳破坏的判定基准;提出了基于热点应力的CFST K节点疲劳设计S-N曲线,并依据S-N曲线预测在同等热点应力幅下,布设内栓钉可以使CFST K节点的疲劳寿命提高45%;减少支管侧内栓钉的轴向间距和径向间距可以提高节点的疲劳性能,非支管侧的栓钉布置、栓钉的尺寸以及栓钉的轴向布置范围对疲劳性能的影响较小,栓钉的轴向布置范围对栓钉自身的受力状态有所影响;基于CFST KS节点静力与疲劳性能提出了内栓钉的合理布置形式。     

Shell side heat transfer characteristics with an eggcrate support plate for water in parallel flow

The shell side heat transfer and pressure drop for water in parallel flow with an eggcrate support plate were experimentally investigated in order to obtain higher performance for the heat exchanger in a boiling water reactor power plant. The following three conclusions were reached. (1) The shell side heat transfer characteristics with the eggcrate support plate were twice as large as those of the shell side parallel flow. An equation using the Reynolds number of the eggcrate support plate could predict the heat transfer coefficient. (2) The shell side pressure drop characteristics with the eggcrate support plate were about five to six times as large as those of shell side parallel flow. (3) The enhancement constant of heat transfer with the eggcrate support plate, using Colburn's j‐factor and friction factor f, was the same as that of the ROD‐baffle type, and was about two times as large as that of the segmental baffle type. © 2000 Scripta Technica, Heat Trans Asian Res, 29(2): 91–112, 2000     

Capillary interaction between inclusion particles on the 16Cr stainless steel melt surface

Both in situ observational and theoretical analyses were carried out for inclusion particle behavior on a 16Cr stainless steel melt surface by paying special attention to the phase classification of inclusions and to the differences in interaction due to the type of phase (solid, liquid, or complex). The interaction was attractive between pairs of particles of the same kind, such as between solid-solid, complex-complex, liquid-liquid, or solid-complex particles, but it was repulsive for pairs of particles of different kinds, such as between solid-liquid or complex-liquid particles. As a result, this reverse phenomenon leads to selective interaction among various inclusions. The origin of attraction or repulsion between inclusion particles is the capillary force. This capillary interaction is strongly influenced by the particle size and shape, and by the contact angle of a particle with steel melt; it is less influenced by the particle density and shape, and by the interfacial tension. In particular, the degree of attractive or repulsive force strongly depends on the contact angle of a particle. Thus, some chalcogen elements should strongly affect the interaction of particles.     

Photoelastic analysis of stress waves in building subjected to vertical impact under laboratory earthquake experiments

In an earthquake occurring directly under a city, the vertical impact induced from the source may cause a large amount of damage to a column and beam of the building. Model-based simulations are carried out with photoelastic material in order to examine the effect of a vertical impact on the building in the case of a near-field type earthquake. The dynamic photoelastic method combined with strain gages is utilized to conduct direct full field and real time observations of stress waves in a building due to vertical impact in laboratory earthquake experiments. The conditions under which vertical impact loading is applied to the model building in a controlled laboratory environment are derived from the data recorded for the 1995 Hanshin-Awaji earthquake in Japan. The experimental apparatus with which an impact of a longitudinal stress pulse is able to be applied to a model of a real building is shown. It is estimated from our earthquake simulations that large dynamic stress concentrations are produced in the beam–column joints of the building by the vertical impact arising from a seismic source located directly below a surface.     

Involvement of Virus-Induced Interferon Production in IgG Autoantibody-Mediated Anemia

Infection with viruses, such as the lactate dehydrogenase-elevating virus (LDV), is known to trigger the onset of autoimmune anemia through the enhancement of the phagocytosis of autoantibody-opsonized erythrocytes by activated macrophages. Type I interferon receptor-deficient mice show enhanced anemia, which suggests a protective effect of these cytokines, partly through the control of type II interferon production. The development of anemia requires the expression of Fcγ receptors (FcγR) I, III, and IV. Whereas LDV infection decreases FcγR III expression, it enhances FcγR I and IV expression in wild-type animals. The LDV-associated increase in the expression of FcγR I and IV is largely reduced in type I interferon receptor-deficient mice, through both type II interferon-dependent and -independent mechanisms. Thus, the regulation of the expression of FcγR I and IV, but not III, by interferons may partly explain the exacerbating effect of LDV infection on anemia that results from the enhanced phagocytosis of IgG autoantibody-opsonized erythrocytes.     

In-situ hardening hydroxyapatite-based scaffold for bone repair

Musculoskeletal conditions are becoming a major health concern because of an aging population and sports- and traffic-related injuries. While sintered hydroxyapatite implants require machining, calcium phosphate cement (CPC) bone repair material is moldable, self-hardens in situ, and has excellent osteoconductivity. In the present work, new approaches for developing strong and macroporous scaffolds of CPC were tested. Relationships were determined between scaffold porosity and strength, elastic modulus and fracture toughness. A biocompatible and biodegradable polymer (chitosan) and a water-soluble porogen (mannitol) were incorporated into CPC: Chitosan to make the material stronger, fast-setting and anti-washout; and mannitol to create macropores. Flexural strength, elastic modulus, and fracture toughness were measured as functions of mannitol mass fraction in CPC from 0% to 75%. After mannitol dissolution in a physiological solution, macropores were formed in CPC in the shapes of the original entrapped mannitol crystals, with diameters of 50 μm to 200 μm for cell infiltration and bone ingrowth. The resulting porosity in CPC ranged from 34.4% to 83.3% volume fraction. At 70.2% porosity, the hydroxyapatite scaffold possessed flexural strength (mean ± sd; n = 6) of (2.5 ± 0.2) MPa and elastic modulus of (0.71 ± 0.10) GPa. These values were within the range for sintered porous hydroxyapatite and cancellous bone. Predictive equations were established by regression power-law fitting to the measured data (R² > 0.98) that described the relationships between scaffold porosity and strength, elastic modulus and fracture toughness. In conclusion, a new graft composition was developed that could be delivered during surgery in the form of a paste to harden in situ in the bone site to form macroporous hydroxyapatite. Compared to conventional CPC without macropores, the increased macroporosity of the new apatite scaffold may help facilitate implant fixation and tissue ingrowth.     

Photovoltaics Based on Hybridization of Effective Dye‐Sensitized Titanium Oxide and Hole‐Conductive Polymer P3HT

Here, the fabrication of quasi‐solid‐state TiO₂/dye/poly(3‐hexylthiophene) (P3HT) solar cells is reported, in which the dyes with oleophilic thienyl groups were employed and ionic liquid (IL), 1‐ethyl‐3‐methylimidazolium (EMIm) containing lithium bis(trifluromethanesulfone)amide (Li‐TFSI) and 4‐tert‐butylpyridine (t‐BP) are assembled with dyed TiO₂ surfaces. One of the devices gave a high conversion efficiency of up to 2.70% under 1 sun illumination. The excellent performance is ascribed to successful molecular self‐organization at interface of the dye molecules and P3HT, and to the efficient charge separation and diffusion acquired by introduction of the IL coupled with Li‐TFSI and t‐BP.     

Tensile elongation measurement device with in-plane bimorph actuation mechanism

This paper describes the development of a bimorph-actuated twin-probe device utilized for uniaxial tensile test to measure tensile elongation of a film specimen. The device consists of two sets of microscale cantilever probes with piezoresistive sensor to detect the position of two gauge marks on a specimen, and multiple pairs of bimorph actuators to produce in-plane motion for scanning those marks. By Joule's heating, the bimorph actuators connecting two cantilever probes are able to move along the tensile direction. When those probes climb the gauge marks having convex line structure, the sensor signals originating from the piezoresistive effect are output by the cantilever's deflection. The elongation of a tensile specimen can be calculated from the moving velocity of cantilever probes and the time difference between two sensor signals. The performance of the device produced through conventional micromachining technologies was investigated. Elongation of single-crystal silicon (SCS) film specimen was measured during uniaxial tensile loading. The mean Young's modulus of 165.1 GPa which was measured by using the device was in good agreement with the analytical value. The proposed bimorph-actuated twin-probe device would be useful for measuring elongation of a film specimen during the tensile test.     

Ultimate strain of stiffened steel box sections under bending moment and axial force fluctuations

The influence of axial force fluctuations on the ductility of short steel cylinders has been previously reported by the authors, together with a proposal for a design formula that takes this influence into account. The present paper describes a similar investigation for stiffened short steel box columns. Elastoplastic large-displacement analysis of parametric short steel box columns is carried out and the bending behavior under constant and fluctuating axial forces is compared. The maximum value of axial force fluctuation is taken to be the same as the axial force magnitude in the constant axial force case. It is found that ductile capacity corresponding to the post-peak region of the bending behavior is improved to different degrees depending on the magnitude and amount of fluctuation of the axial force, a finding that is similar to that for short steel cylinders. Design formulae for failure strain taking this improvement into account are proposed for two different limit states and their validity is demonstrated through numerical analysis.