Open surgical treatment of anterior glenohumeral instability: an historical perspective and review of the literature. Part II

Anterior glenohumeral instability is an undesirable result of trauma to the shoulder. Several surgical treatments for this condition have been developed, beginning in the early years of the twentieth century. Although many of these procedures were popular at their inception, many of them have fallen out of favor as more information has been acquired concerning the long-term results and complications of their use. While often successful in preventing recurrent instability, these earlier procedures also often led to a loss of external rotation, and consequently, function. Newer procedures have been devised that aim to prevent recurrent instability while maintaining full range of motion and function. Part I of this paper, published in the November issue, presented a brief history of the treatment of glenohumeral instability and a review of the literature, including the Bankart and du Toit procedures. Part II includes the Putti-Platt, the Magnuson-Stack, the Bristow, and capsular shift procedures.     

Overshadowing and latent inhibition counteract each other: support for the comparator hypothesis

In 4 conditioned lick suppression experiments with rats, the combined effects of latent inhibition treatment followed by overshadowing treatment were assessed as a test of the comparator hypothesis's (R.R. Miller & L.D. Matzel, 1988) explanations of overshadowing and latent inhibition. Experiments 1 and 2 confirmed the prediction of the comparator hypothesis that combined latent inhibition and overshadowing treatments attenuate the response deficit produced by either treatment alone. Furthermore, consistent with the comparator hypothesis, posttraining changes in the associative status of the putative comparator stimulus altered responding to the target conditioned stimulus (Experiment 3), and switching contexts between latent inhibition and overshadowing treatments (Experiment 4) eliminated the interaction between the latent inhibition and overshadowing treatments.     

Total fatty acid composition of duck fatty tissues

Total lipids extracted from duck fatty tissues were fractionated on thin layer plates into polar lipids and neutral lipids. Neutral lipids were similarly fractionated into their components. Fatty acid methyl esters from total lipids were fractionated by gas-liquid-chromatography. Results indicated that duck fatty tissues are mostly formed by neutral lipids and that triglycerides comprise the vast majority of neutral lipids. Results also indicated that the major fatty acids in duck lipids are: oleic greater than linoleic greater than stearic greater than palmitoleic. About 73% of all fatty acids present belong to the C-18 series. The unsaturation level for duck lipids is about 73%.     

Production of tubular structures from the aerial mycelium of Actinomyces roseoflavus var. roseofungini]

Jejunal lamina propria plasma cells and eosinophils and intraepithelial lymphocytes were raised in coeliac children on gluten-containing diets, but only intraepithelial lymphocytes were increased in patients on gluten-free diets. In contrast, lamina propria lymphocytes were reduced in children with coeliad disease on gluten-containing diets but were normal in paitents on gluten-free diets. In children with coeliac disease who were studied serially, lamina propria plasma cells and eosinophils and intraepithelial lymphocytes increased, and lamina propria lymphocytes decreased, within three months of the reintroduction of gluten to the diet. These observations are essentially similar to those made in the adult form of the disease and suggest that more than one type of immunological reaction is involved in the pathogenesis of the jejunal lesion.     

Morphological effects in rats following a 22-day space flight

A morphological examination of 27 rats flown onboard the biosatellite and sacrificed on the 1st-2nd and 26-27th postflight days demonstrated no significant changes in the structural organization of the vital organs and systems of the animal body. It was, however, found that the space exposure induced morphologically detectable changes in the musculo-skeletal system, hemo- and lymphopoiesis, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal system and the juxtaglomerular apparatus of the kidneys. The changes were reversible and nonspecific, and could be seen in animals exposed to ground-based hypokinetic and other stress experiments. Postflight the animals developed some reactions that were similar to those in humans. This helps to identify the morphological substrate of certain changes in the human body and to investigate their pathogenesis.     

Punctate pressure sensitivity: effects of skin temperature

The dependence on skin temperature of tactile sensitivity to punctiform (hair) stimulation of the finger tip came under study in five subjects. Their data show that punctate sensitivity is relatively stable over a wide range of thermal environments. On the average, some elevation of touch threshold occurred at a skin temperature of 20 degrees C (i.e., about 10 degree below normal), but severe loss of sensitivity first occurred at 10 degrees C. A small but possibly insignificant loss appeared at skin temperatures of 40 and 43 degrees C. The relatively stable behavior of the punctate threshold between about 20 and 40 degrees C contrasts with that of the vibrotactile threshold, which, at least for high frequencies, depends strongly on the skin temperature.