Stimulation of aryl metabolite production in the basidiomycete Bjerkandera sp. strain BOS55 with biosynthetic precursors and lignin degradation products

Aryl metabolites are known to have an important role in the ligninolytic system of white rot fungi. The addition of known precursors and aromatic acids representing lignin degradation products stimulated the production of aryl metabolites (veratryl alcohol, veratraldehyde, p-anisaldehyde, and 3-chloro-p-anisaldehyde) in the white rot fungus Bjerkandera sp. strain BOS55. The presence of manganese (Mn) is known to inhibit the biosynthesis of veratryl alcohol (T. Mester, E. de Jong, and J.A. Field, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 61:1881-1887, 1995). A new finding of this study was that the production of the other aryl metabolites, p-anisaldehyde and 3-chloro-p-anisaldehyde, was also inhibited by Mn. We attempted to bypass the Mn-inhibited step in the biosynthesis of aryl metabolites by the addition of known and suspected precursors. Most of these compounds were not able to bypass the inhibiting effect of Mn. Only the fully methylated precursors (veratrate, p-anisate, and 3-chloro-p-anisate) provided similar concentrations of aryl metabolites in the presence and absence of Mn, indicating that Mn does not influence the reduction of the benzylic acid group. The addition of deuterated benzoate and 4-hydroxybenzoate resulted in the formation of deuterated aryl metabolites, indicating that these aromatic acids entered into the biosynthetic pathway and were common intermediates to all aryl metabolites. Only deuterated chlorinated anisyl metabolites were produced when the cultures were supplemented with deuterated 3-chloro-4-hydroxybenzoate. This observation combined with the fact that 3-chloro-4-hydroxybenzoate is a natural product of Bjerkandera spp. (H. J. Swarts, F. J. M. Verhagen, J. A. Field, and J. B. P. A. Wijnberg, Phytochemistry 42:1699-1701, 1996) suggest that it is a possible intermediate in chlorinated anisyl metabolite biosynthesis.     

Solution of counter-current separation processes—IV. Application of the GPM method to solution of distillation problems

A new non-iterative method for a parametric study of a particular distillation column is devised. The technique takes use of the similarity between difference and differential equations. For solution of nonlinear boundary value problems for difference equations the GPM technique is used. The method is illustrated by calculated examples.     

Septo-optic dysplasia associated with bilateral complex microphthalmos

Examination of magnesium concentrations in the blood serum was carried out on a population of 246 patients 17-39 years old in pathologic/imminent abortion, imminent immature and premature labour and normal pregnancies as well as in first periods of parturition. In spite of considerable oscillations of magnesium concentrations in respective periods of normal and imminent pregnancies, the differences were statistically insignificant. A significant decrease of magnesium concentrations was found in the first period of parturition as compared with the imminent and normal pregnancies of the first and second trimester.     

Photochromic polymers

Summary Two soluble photochromic polymers containing 1-(ß-hydroxyethyl)-3,3-dimethyl-6-nitrospiro[2H-1-benzopyran-2,2-indoline] bound on a variously long side chain were prepared. It was found that the discolouration process depends on the length of the side chain to which the photochromic centre is bound.     

Comparison of different modes of excitation in X-ray emission spectroscopy in the detection of trace elements in coal and coal ash

Three different modes of sample excitation in X-ray emission spectroscopy were used in trace element analysis of coal and coal ash: proton beam, Mo X-ray tube and radioactive sources ⁵⁷Co and ¹⁰⁹Cd. The results of analysis are presented and methods and their possibilities are compared in order to indicate the most appropriate technique for the particular purpose.