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91.
Weary Gifford; Jacobson Jill A.; Edwards John A.; Tobin Stephanie J. 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》2001,81(2):206
In 3 studies, we examined the hypothesis that the effects of stereotype usage on target judgments are moderated by causal uncertainty beliefs and related accuracy goal structures. In Study 1, we focused on the role of chronically accessible causal uncertainty beliefs as predictors of a target's level of guilt for an alleged academic misconduct offense. In Study 2, we examined the role of chronic causal uncertainty reduction goals and a manipulated accuracy goal; in Study 3, we investigated the role of primed causal uncertainty beliefs on guilt judgments. In all 3 studies, we found that activation of causal uncertainty beliefs and accuracy concerns was related to a reduced usage of stereotypes. Moreover, this reduction was not associated with participants' levels of perceived control, depression, state affect, need for cognition, or personal need for structure. Results are discussed in terms of their implications for the model of causal uncertainty and, more generally, in terms of the motivational processes underlying stereotype usage. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
92.
Emmett P. O'Brien Stephanie Goldfarb Christopher C. White 《The Journal of Adhesion》2005,81(6):599-621
In the shaft-loaded blister test (SLBT), plastic deformation often occurs at the contact area between the shaft tip and adhesive layer, leading to a larger displacement (blister height) than if the film was loaded elastically. As a consequence, incorporating the displacement variable into the analysis can result in misleading values of the applied strain energy-release rate, G. In this work, the influence of plastic yielding at the contact area on G of a thin film was investigated as a function of some common SLBT experimental variables, namely, substrate hole diameter, film thickness, and shaft-tip diameter. Test specimens consisted of plies of pressure-sensitive adhesive tape adhered to a rigid glass substrate. G was calculated from the following Equations: (1) load-based, (2) hybrid, (3) displacement-based, and (4) combination. Decreasing the film thickness, increasing the hole diameter, or decreasing the shaft-tip diameter lead to more plastic yielding at the contact area as well as to an increase in blister height. The increased blister height resulting from plastic deformation leads to disagreement among the values of G calculated from the different Equations when the displacement variable was included in the calculation. However, the load-based equation, which does not include the displacement, was determined to be independent of plastic yielding and the “correct” equation for calculating G. In addition, the film tensile rigidity (Eh) was calculated using an experimental compliance calibration. The effects of film thickness on the mechanical behavior of the film (bending plate vs. stretching membrane) as well as methods to determine the displacement resulting from plastic deformation are also discussed. 相似文献
93.
Nelson Charles A.; Wewerka Sandi; Thomas Kathleen M.; deRegnier Raye-ann; Tribbey-Walbridge Stephanie; Georgieff Michael 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》2000,114(5):950
On the basis of animal models, it was hypothesized that infants of diabetic mothers (IDMs) would be at risk for suffering damage to the hippocampus primarily because of fetal iron deficiency, chronic hypoxia, and hypoglycemia. This, in turn, may result in impairments in recognition memory at a young age. To test this model, the memory of 6-month-old IDMs and control infants was evaluated with electrophysiological (event-related potential [ERP]) and behavioral (looking time) measures. At 12 months, the Bayley Scales of Infant Development was administered. Our ERP measures showed robust evidence consistent with memory deficits in the IDMs. In contrast, the looking time measures and the Bayley exam failed to distinguish between the groups. From these results it was concluded that the ERP, but not the behavioral, measures are able to detect, in an at-risk population, deficits in recognition memory that are thought to be mediated by damage to the hippocampus. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
94.
Fuchs Douglas; Fuchs Lynn S.; Thompson Anneke; Otaiba Stephanie Al; Yen Loulee; Yang Nancy J.; Braun Mary; O'Connor Rollanda E. 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》2001,93(2):251
The purpose of the present study was to examine the effectiveness and feasibility of phonological awareness training, with and without a beginning decoding component. 33 teachers in 8 urban schools were assigned randomly within their schools to 3 groups: control, phonological awareness training, and phonological awareness training with beginning decoding instruction and practice. Following training, teachers in the 2 treatment groups conducted the treatments for about 20 wks. In each teacher's class, pre- and posttreatment data were collected on 12–14 children (N?=?404); 312 children were tested again the following fall. At the end of kindergarten, the 2 treatment groups performed comparably and outperformed controls on the phonological awareness measures. On alphabetic (reading and spelling) tasks, however, the group participating in phonological awareness training with beginning decoding instruction did better than the other 2 groups. In the fall of the next year, many of these between-group differences remained but were less impressive. Implications are discussed for bridging research and practice. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
95.
The clinical efficacy of cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) for chronic insomnia has been established, yet clinical effectiveness is less clear. This study presents data on 109 patients from general practice during a formal evaluation of clinical effectiveness. Two thirds achieved normative values of ≤30 min for sleep latency and wakefulness during the night after CBT. Furthermore, almost half of the sample reduced sleeplessness by ≥50%. Logistic regression revealed that initial severity did not contraindicate good outcome. Rather, greater sleep disturbance was positively associated with large symptom reduction, although lower endpoint scores were less likely. Similarly, symptoms of anxiety, depression, and thinking errors positively predicted good outcome. Hypnotic using patients responded equally well to CBT, and demographic factors were of no significant predictive value. It is concluded that CBT is clinically and durably effective for persistent insomnia in routine practice. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
96.
Forgas Joseph P.; Bower Gordon H.; Moylan Stephanie J. 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》1990,59(4):809
Three experiments showed that mood influences achievement attributions and that cognitive processes underlie these effects. In Experiment 1, happy Ss made more internal and stable attributions for success than failure in typical 'life dilemmas.' In Experiment 2, attributions for real-life exam performance were more internal and stable in a happy than in a sad mood. Dysphoric moods resulted in self-critical rather than self-enhancing attributions, contrary to motivational theories, but consistent with cognitive models and the clinical literature on depression. In Experiment 3 this pattern was repeated with direct self vs. other comparisons, and for self-efficacy judgments. The results are interpreted as supporting cognitive rather than motivational theories of attribution biases. The implications of the results for clinical research, and contemporary affect–cognition theories are considered. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
97.
Conditions which facilitate clients' outgrowing disturbing dreams are discussed. Several incidents with clients describe these conditions and illustrate their facilitative power. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
98.
A partnership has been developed linking the United States Military Academy and Special People in the Northeast, a non-profit agency for the mentally and physically handicapped children and adults based in Philadelphia. The present work documents a student design team's design and construction of a ticket-tearing device for a young man in the advanced stages of cerebral palsy and concludes with an evaluation of the entire process. 相似文献
99.
Johnson Jeffrey G.; Cohen Patricia; Kotler Lisa; Kasen Stephanie; Brook Judith S. 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》2002,70(5):1119
Longitudinal data were used to investigate whether anxiety, depressive, disruptive, personality, or substance use disorders are associated with risk for the development of eating disorders during adolescence or early adulthood. Psychiatric disorders were assessed among 726 youths from a random community sample during adolescence and early adulthood. Depressive disorders during early adolescence were associated with elevated risk for the onset of eating disorders, dietary restriction, purging behavior, and recurrent weight fluctuations after preexisting eating problems and other psychiatric disorders were controlled statistically. Disruptive and personality disorders were independently associated with elevated risk for specific eating or weight problems. The present findings suggest that depressive disorders during early adolescence may contribute to the development of eating disorders during middle adolescence or early adulthood. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
100.
Waseem Hiwar Marco-Felipe King Farag Shuweihdi Louise A. Fletcher Stephanie J. Dancer Catherine J. Noakes 《Indoor air》2021,31(5):1308-1322
Airborne microorganisms in hospitals have been associated with several hospital-acquired infections (HAIs), and various measures of indoor air quality (IAQ) parameters such as temperature, relative humidity, carbon dioxide (CO2), particle mass concentration, and particle size have been linked to pathogen survival or mitigation of pathogen spread. To investigate whether there are quantitative relationships between the concentration of airborne microorganisms and the IAQ in the hospital environment. Web of Science, Scopus and PubMed databases were searched for studies reporting airborne microbial levels and any IAQ parameter(s) in hospital environments, from database inception to October 2020. Pooled effect estimates were determined via random-effects models. Seventeen of 654 studies were eligible for the meta-analysis. The concentration of airborne microbial measured as aerobic colony count (ACC) was significantly correlated with temperature (r = 0.25 [95% CI = 0.06–0.42], p = 0.01), CO2 concentration (r = 0.53 [95% CI = 0.40–0.64], p ˂ 0.001), particle mass concentration (≤5 µg/m3; r = 0.40 [95% CI = 0.04–0.66], p = 0.03), and particle size (≤5 and ˃5 µm), (r = 0.51 [95% CI = 0.12–0.77], p = 0.01 and r = 0.55 [95% CI = 0.20–0.78], p = 0.003), respectively, while not being significantly correlated with relative humidity or particulate matter of size >5 µm. Conversely, airborne total fungi (TF) were not significantly correlated with temperature, relative humidity, or CO2 level. However, there was a significant weak correlation between ACC and TF (r = 0.31 [95% CI = 0.07–0.52], p = 0.013). Although significant correlations exist between ACC and IAQ parameters, the relationship is not definitive; the IAQ parameters may affect the microorganisms but are not responsible for the presence of airborne microorganisms. Environmental parameters could be related to the generating source, survival, dispersion, and deposition rate of microorganisms. Future studies should record IAQ parameters and factors such as healthcare worker presence and the activities carried out such as cleaning, sanitizing, and disinfection protocols. Foot traffic would influence both the generation of microorganisms and their deposition rate onto surfaces in the hospital environment. These data would inform models to improve the understanding of the likely concentration of airborne microorganisms and provide an alternative approach for real-time monitoring of the healthcare environment. 相似文献