Temporal Hydrologic Alterations Coupled with Climate Variability and Drought for Transboundary River Basins

Climate change (CC) and drought episode impacts linked with anthropogenic pressure have become an increasing concern for policy makers and water resources managers. The current research presents a comprehensive methodology but simple approach for predicting the annual streamflow alteration based on drought indices and hydrological alteration indicators. This has been achieved depending on the evaluation of drought severity and CC impacts during the human intervention periods to separate the influence of climatic abnormality and measure the hydrologic deviations as a result of streamflow regulation configurations. As a representative case study, the Lesser Zab River Basin in northern Iraq has been chosen. In order to analyse the natural flow regime, 34 hydrological years of streamflow (1931–1965) prior to the main dam construction were assessed. The Indicators of Hydrologic Alteration (IHA) method has been applied to quantify the hydrological alterations of various flow characteristics. In addition, an easy approach for hydrological drought prediction in relatively small basins grounded on meteorological parameters during the early months of the hydrological year has been presented. The prediction was accomplished by implementing the one-dimensional drought examination and the reconnaissance drought index (RDI) for evaluating the severity of meteorological drought. The proposed methodology is founded on linear regression relations connecting the RDI of 3, 6, and 12 months and the streamflow drought index (SDI). The results are critical for circumstances where an early exploration of meteorological drought is obtainable. Outcomes assist water resources managers, engineers, policy makers and decision-makers responsible for mitigating the effects of CC.     

Tensile Stress Relaxation of Alumina at High Temperature

The development of a tensile testing methodology for ceramics which enables a stress vs strain-rate response to be measured at high temperature is described. The test involves a carefully controled stress relaxation test at constant total strain using an experimental procedure and phenomenological analysis previously developed for metallic materials. It is demonstrated here with preliminary tests on alumina at 1050° and 1150°C. This offers, with further development, the possibility of establishing design stresses associated with low strain-rate behavior for structural applications. The results demonstrate that data covering four decades of strain rate may be generated in tests lasting a few hours. The inelastic strain consists of substantial anelastic recoverable strain in addition to a permanent creep strain.     

Thermal conversion (visbreaking) of heavy Iraqi residue

A heavy Iraqi residue was thermally cracked using a soaker visbreaking process at temperatures between 435 and 480 °C, with a range of residence times of 43–109 s in the coil and 151–379 s in the soaker. The pressure was kept constant at 7 bar. Visbroken products were characterized, evaluated and fractionated into light, middle and heavy cuts. The stability of the visbroken products was compared with that of the original feedstock. Also an activation energy was calculated for the visbreaking process and related to the severity of the process. The results obtained show that the conditions used were not severe and could be applied to obtain a required conversion depending on the uses of the products.     

Weight loss, polarization, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, SEM and EDX studies of the corrosion inhibition of copper in aerated NaCl solutions

This work reports results of weight loss, potentiodynamic polarization and impedance measurements on the corrosion inhibition of copper in aerated non-stirred 3% NaCl solutions in the temperature range 15–65 °C using sodium oleate (SO) as an anionic surfactant inhibitor. These studies have shown that SO is a very good ”green”, mixed-type inhibitor. The inhibition process was attributed to the formation of an adsorbed film on the metal surface that protects the metal against corrosive agents. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersion X-ray (EDX) observations of the electrode surface confirmed the existence of such an adsorbed film. The inhibition efficiency increases with increasing surfactant concentration and time of immersion, while it decreases with solution temperature. Maximum inhibition efficiency of the surfactant is observed at concentrations around its critical micellar concentration (CMC). The potential of zero charge (pzc) of copper was studied by ac impedance, and the mechanism of adsorption is discussed. The sigmoidal shape of the adsorption isotherm confirms the applicability of Frumkin’s equation to describe the adsorption process. Thermodynamic functions for the adsorption process were determined.     

Synchronous receiver initiated MAC protocol for long-lived sensor networks

In this paper, we discuss the design of a new Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol, SRI-MAC (Synchronous Receiver Initiated MAC), for wireless sensor networks whose goal is to extend the lifetime of the network by avoiding major energy waste causes, such as collisions, overhearing and idle listening.     

The impact of interaction quality factors on the effectiveness of Web-based information system: the mediating role of user satisfaction

Recently, IS researchers have focused on the assessment of Web-based information system (WBIS) at the individual level as it highly contributes to the organizations’ employees. The evaluation and development of WBIS is significantly needed because the top management is in need of justifying their costly IT investment in terms of its impacts on employee performance. For this purpose, this study is primarily concerned with the development and validation of new multidimensional instrument, and also a theoretical framework for assessing the impacts of user interface quality, online communication quality, and user satisfaction on the effectiveness of Web employee portals. The effectiveness is assessed in terms of contextual performance. In a large-scale study, a sample of 384 United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees respondents are gathered in order to validate and check the reliability of the adapted study instrument. The results of validity and reliability analysis provide enough confidence to proceed toward validating the proposed theoretical framework. The results of multiple-regression analysis indicate that there is a positive significant relationship between user interface quality, communication quality, user satisfaction, and effectiveness at significance level (sig. < 0.01). As another important point, the results of hierarchical regression showed that user satisfaction has a mediating role on the relationship between user interface quality, communication quality, and contextual employee performance. The findings and implications of this research are discussed. Finally, it is expected that this study would contribute to empirical studies in the fields of IS and user behavior assessment.     

Formation of Nanocrystalline Calcia by the Decomposition of Calcite

Formation of nanocrystalline calcia from calcite has been studied in situ via transmission electron microscopy. The crystallographic transformation occurred via two mechanisms: the first is by distortion of the cleaved rhombohedron of calcite, formed by {104} planes in hexagonal coordinates, into a cube. This produced a microstructure of oriented, elongated nanocrystals of calcia with planar boundaries. In the second mechanism, the micrometer-sized parent calcite particles broke up into nano-sized grains as the decomposition began, leading to irregularly shaped, randomly oriented nanocrystals of calcia.     

Thermal degradation of EVA and EBA—A comparison. III. Molecular weight changes

This is the third in a series of papers in which the thermal degradation of ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) and ethylene-butyl acrylate (EBA) copolymers are compared. The EBA samples contained 0.8, 1.6, and 5.4 mol % butyl acrylate (BA), respectively, and the EVA samples 1.2 and 6.7 mol % vinyl acetate (VA). The samples were heated in nitrogen in a tubular oven at 285–390°C, for 6–120 min. The molecular weight distribution (MWD), long chain branching, and gel content were analyzed with size exclusion chromatography (SEC). The columns were connected to refractive index, viscometric, and light scattering detectors. EVA gave a pronounced molecular enlargement at all degradation temperatures. In EVA-6.7, gel was formed at all degradation levels, whereas the low content sample, EVA-1.2, did not form any visible amount of gel. The strong tendency to molecular enlargement is due to allyl radicals formed after thermal deacetylation and the formation of internal double bonds. These macroradicals will combine or, less frequently, add to double bonds. The EBA copolymers show a more polyethylenelike degradation behavior. At 285°C molecular enlargement dominates, but already at 333°C a net reduction in molecular size is observed. At high temperatures, ester pyrolysis of the BA groups give carboxylic groups and anhydrides. Alkaline treatment will not give any appreciable change in MWD, showing that the anhydride formation is mainly intramolecular. The chain scission increases with the BA content. This is probably due to β-cleavage of tertiary macroradicals formed in the chain at the acrylate or carboxylic side groups.     

Molecular weight distributions and size fractionations of H-coal liquids

This Paper deals with a comparative study on the use of gel permeation chromatography (g.p.c.) and vapour pressure osmometry (v.p.o.) to obtain molecular weight data for the hexane-soluble fractions of three H-coal liquids. The use of two types of column packing materials, polyvinylacetate and styrene-divinylbenzene copolymer gels, is described. A successful, preparative use of the polyvinylacetate gel to fractionate the hexane-soluble fraction of H-coal liquid, atmospheric still overhead (ASO), has been established. Molecular weight data obtained by v.p.o. for the benzene-soluble fraction and the pyridine-soluble fraction of the three H-coal liquids are reported. Solvent extraction has been utilized also to find the amount of oil, asphaltenes and asphaltols in the three H-coal liquids.