Sugar replacement in sweetened bakery goods

This review presents the state‐of‐the‐art concerning the application of natural and artificial high‐intensity sweeteners, fructans and bulking agents such as polyols as sugar replacers in sweet‐baked goods and their effects on product characteristics. The recent much publicised attention given to weight gain of the population and its consequences on the occurrence of diet‐related diseases in developed countries has influenced the food manufacturers attempts to provide the consumer with reduced energy products. The replacement of sucrose in sweet bakery products by alternative natural or artificial sweeteners can be a challenging issue. Sucrose as a main ingredient in sweet bakery products contributes, aside from providing sweetness, to numerous processing and product characteristics. Intense sweeteners have a high sweetness compared with sucrose but lack in their contribution to the body of the product, whereas the replacement of sucrose with bulking sweeteners may result in products with a similar body but a lack in taste and flavour.     

The effect of temperature and radiation on flavonol aglycones and flavonol glycosides of kale (Brassica oleracea var. sabellica)

The winter crop kale has a complex profile of different glycosylated and acylated flavonol glycosides which may be affected by global warming. To the best of our knowledge, compound–climate relationships for flavonol aglycones and flavonol glycosides were established for the first time. The investigated 10 major flavonol glycosides responded structure-dependent in the investigated temperature range between 0 and 12 °C and the photosynthetic active radiation range between 4 and 20 mol m⁻² d⁻¹, e.g. the decrease in temperature led to an increase in sinapic acid monoacylated and diacylated quercetin glycosides, while the sinapic acid monoacylated kaempferol glycosides showed a maximum at 4.5 °C. Furthermore, the hydroxycinnamic acid residues and the different number of glucose moieties in the 7-O position affected the response of kaempferol triglucosides. Consequently, global warming would result in lower concentrations of antioxidant-relevant quercetin glycosides in winter crops, suggesting a production at e.g. higher altitudes due to lower temperature.     

Linear and cyclic oligomers in polybutylene terephthalate for food contact materials

Polybutylene terephthalate (PBT) is a polyester (PES) gaining more importance on the food contact material (FCM) market. However, little is known about the potential migration of PBT oligomers which are formed during polymer production. In this work, PBT pellets and a slotted spoon manufactured from this material by injection moulding were analysed on extractable oligomers and their migration potential into hydrophilic foods. Overall 27 oligomers (cycles and linears) could be identified in different extracts by HPLC-DAD/ESI-MS data, but without confirmation by reference substances. The oligomers were quantified by HPLC-DAD using bis(2-hydroxyethyl) terephthalate (BHET) as external standard and the total amount of oligomers isolated by reprecipitation from the pellets and the spoon were 0.69 and 0.71%, respectively. While cyclic oligomers made up for approximately 90% of the extractable oligomers, linear oligomers proved to be more relevant for migration into aqueous foodstuffs. Furthermore, it was shown that hydrolysis of oligomers can take place in water at elevated temperatures. Consequently, the qualitative and quantitative composition of PBT oligomers in aqueous foods from FCMs does not only depend on migration but also on hydrolysis. Migration testing of the PBT spoon under repeat use conditions with water at 100°C for 2 h resulted in 0.29 mg item^?1 of linear oligomers and 0.05 mg item^?1 of the cyclic PBT dimer in the third migrate.     

Influence of malting and lactic acid fermentation on functional bioactive components in cereal‐based raw materials: a review paper

Driven by increased health awareness among consumers, the production of foods and beverages enriched with functional bioactive components is gaining more attention. Malting and lactic acid fermentation are biotechnological processes having potential for producing functional foods and beverages. Due to various biochemical and enzymatic induced changes in raw materials, malting of cereal grains and probiotic lactic acid fermentation of plant‐based media increases the nutritional quality of treated raw materials. The improved nutritional quality is attributed to the accumulation of functional bioactive components along with the degradation of anti‐nutritional components. The selection of raw materials and process parameters are important factors to be considered for increasing the functional bioactive components such as dietary fibres, antioxidants and probiotics. This review article reports the current knowledge on the changes of bioactive components during malting and lactic acid fermentation using probiotic bacterial strains. Process parameters which affect the concentration of bioactive components in raw materials will also be described.     

Methodology for WEEE assessment in Algeria

Waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) generated in emerging countries is increasing. This study presents a methodology to improve assessment and monitoring WEEE in Algeria. The proposed methodology is a two-step approach. The first step is the collection and collation of existing data from different national and international sources. In the second step, different assessment and forecasting methods are applied. Forecasting methods were selected from those models which provided minimum error indices. The paper considers also the availability and reliability of data in order to provide a future reliable assessment of WEEE in Algeria. The study revealed that the forecasting methods do not have a big influence on the results contrary to the inputs of the model.     

Compiling Vector Pascal to the XeonPhi

Intel's XeonPhi is a highly parallel x86 architecture chip made by Intel. It has a number of novel features which make it a particularly challenging target for the compiler writer. This paper describes the techniques used to port the Glasgow Vector Pascal Compiler to this architecture and assess its performance by comparisons of the XeonPhi with 3 other machines running the same algorithms. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

面向工程领域的主题多样性知识推荐方法

针对现有推荐方法无法同时满足知识推荐准确度和多样性的问题,提出一种主题多样性知识推荐方法(TDKR).基于对企业知识管理现状的分析,提出同时考虑内容、情境、任务3种相似度的知识相关性网络构建方法,进而划分知识主题社区.基于知识主题社区,构建用户兴趣模型,挖掘用户多样性的知识需求,并结合用户群行为数据,提出用户—主题专业...     

主编寄语

亲爱的读者: 欧洲与中国正彼此靠拢,越来越多的公司穿梭往来于两地之间.数量众多的来自德国、奥地利和瑞士的塑料及橡胶工业的供应商也加入到这股潮流之中.对他们而言,中国是最重要的销售市场之一.     

Differential Metabotypes in Synovial Fibroblasts and Synovial Fluid in Hip Osteoarthritis Patients Support Inflammatory Responses

Changes in cellular metabolism have been implicated in mediating the activated fibroblast phenotype in a number of chronic inflammatory disorders, including pulmonary fibrosis, renal disease and rheumatoid arthritis. The aim of this study was therefore to characterise the metabolic profile of synovial joint fluid and synovial fibroblasts under both basal and inflammatory conditions in a cohort of obese and normal-weight hip OA patients. Furthermore, we sought to ascertain whether modulation of a metabolic pathway in OA synovial fibroblasts could alter their inflammatory activity. Synovium and synovial fluid was obtained from hip OA patients, who were either of normal-weight or obese and were undergoing elective joint replacement surgery. The synovial fluid metabolome was determined by 1H NMR spectroscopy. The metabolic profile of isolated synovial fibroblasts in vitro was characterised by lactate secretion, oxygen consumption rate (OCR) and extracellular acidification rate (ECAR) using the Seahorse XF Analyser. The effects of a small molecule pharmacological inhibitor and siRNA targeted at glutaminase-1 (GLS1) were assessed to probe the role of glutamine metabolism in OA synovial fibroblast function. Obese OA patient synovial fluid (n = 5) exhibited a different metabotype, compared to normal-weight patient fluid (n = 6), with significantly increased levels of 1, 3-dimethylurate, N-Nitrosodimethylamine, succinate, tyrosine, pyruvate, glucose, glycine and lactate, and enrichment of the glutamine–glutamate metabolic pathway, which correlated with increasing adiposity. In vitro, isolated obese OA fibroblasts exhibited greater basal lactate secretion and aerobic glycolysis, and increased mitochondrial respiration when stimulated with pro-inflammatory cytokine TNFα, compared to fibroblasts from normal-weight patients. Inhibition of GLS1 attenuated the TNFα-induced expression and secretion of IL-6 in OA synovial fibroblasts. These findings suggest that altered cellular metabolism underpins the inflammatory phenotype of OA fibroblasts, and that targeted inhibition of glutamine–glutamate metabolism may provide a route to reducing the pathological effects of joint inflammation in OA patients who are obese.