Energy Consumption in Water Blanching

The energy consumption of a tubular water blancher and a water blancher with screw conveyor were measured as a basis for suggesting energy conserving modifications. The former required 0.54 MJ/kg and the latter 0.91 MJ/kg, indicating the importance of complete steam condensation. A pilot scale experiment with a water blancher heated with heat exchange and by steam injection confirmed the energy savings potential of heating with an exchanger to minimize escape of steam rather than by steam injection.     

Decomposition Kinetics of CaYb2O4

The kinetics of decomposition of CaYb₂O₄ were studied using quantitative analysis by X-ray diffraction methods and a modified method of "standard binary mixtures." This type of method was required as total composition remained constant with only the phase assemblage changing. The experimental factors considered in obtaining meaningful results from such a procedure are covered. The linearity of the fraction decomposed or concentration unreacted versus time curves at various temperatures revealed that the decomposition proceeded according to "zero-order" kinetics. The activation energy for this process was 100 kcal/mole.     

STABILIZATION OF CARROT JUICE BY DILUTE ACID TREATMENT

SUMMARY– A problem arises if juice extracted from raw carrots is heated to about 180° before or during conventional canning practices. An unsightly, unappetizing coagulum forms and the color of the juice precipitates with the coagulum. The coagulum is not as evident if the carrots are heated 5 min in water prior to juice extraction, but the juice loses some of its bright-orange color. The canned juice extracted from carrots heated 5 min in a .05 N acetic acid solution does not coagulate and the amount of juice which can be extracted from the carrots is 3.3% greater than that from carrots heated 5 min in water. The centrifuged juice from acid-treated carrots had a brighter orange color than juice from the water-treated carrots. The color notation was Rd, 23.7, a, 30.4 and b, 34.8 for juice from acid-treated carrots compared with a notation of Rd, 19.2, a, 24.4 and b, 31.4 for the juice from water-treated carrots. The canned juice extracted from raw carrots had less pectic substances and starch and about the same amount of protein as the canned juice from the carrots heated in water or .05 N acetic acid, but the canned juice from raw carrots coagulated. The juice from carrots heated in acid does not form a coagulum and maintains its orange color, probably because of the action of the heat and acid on the protoplasmic liquid of the cell before or immediately after the cell is ruptured.     

DISCRIMINATION LEARNING: TWO VIEWS IN HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE.

REVIEWS THEORETICAL DEVELOPMENTS IN THE STUDY OF DISCRIMINATION LEARNING IN RELATION TO 2 MAJOR CONTEMPORARY VIEWPOINTS-A PERCEPTUAL ORIENTATION AS EXPRESSED IN DIFFERENTIATION THEORY, AND A LEARNING ORIENTATION AS EXPRESSED IN MEDIATION THEORY. EARLY AS WELL AS PRESENT THEORY AND RESEARCH ARE FOUND TO HAVE CONSISTENTLY EMPHASIZED RESPONSE PROCESSES, PARTICULARLY THOSE OF A MEDIATIONAL NATURE, IN ACCOUNTS OF DISCRIMINATION LEARNING. THIS LINE OF DEVELOPMENT IS SEEN AS TENDING TO HAVE PRECLUDED PROPER CONSIDERATION OF THE NATURE AND ROLE OF THE STIMULUS. WHEN VIEWED IN THIS HISTORICAL CONTEXT, THE CONCEPTIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION THEORY ARE SEEN AS PROMOTING A DESIRABLE THEORETICAL AND EMPIRICAL BALANCE. (2 P. REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

COMMUNICATION PATTERNS IN APPLIED TECHNOLOGY.

"FAR MORE IS KNOWN ABOUT THE FLOW OF INFORMATION AMONG SCIENTISTS THAN AMONG TECHNOLOGISTS . . . . (POSSIBLY) COMMUNICATION PATTERNS IN THE 2 AREAS OF ACTIVITY ARE NOT ONLY LARGELY INDEPENDENT OF ONE ANOTHER, BUT QUALITATIVELY DIFFERENT IN THEIR NATURE. THIS DIFFERENCE IS REFLECTED MOST CLEARLY IN THE MECHANISM BY WHICH INFORMATION IS DIFFUSED WITHIN THE 2 SETS OF PRACTITIONERS . . . . THESE DIFFERENCES . . . (ARE DISCUSSED AS WELL AS) THE NATURE OF THE COMMUNICATION PROCESS BETWEEN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY." (19 REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)