Protective Role of Glutathione in the Hippocampus after Brain Ischemia

Stroke is a major cause of death worldwide, leading to serious disability. Post-ischemic injury, especially in the cerebral ischemia-prone hippocampus, is a serious problem, as it contributes to vascular dementia. Many studies have shown that in the hippocampus, ischemia/reperfusion induces neuronal death through oxidative stress and neuronal zinc (Zn²⁺) dyshomeostasis. Glutathione (GSH) plays an important role in protecting neurons against oxidative stress as a major intracellular antioxidant. In addition, the thiol group of GSH can function as a principal Zn²⁺ chelator for the maintenance of Zn²⁺ homeostasis in neurons. These lines of evidence suggest that neuronal GSH levels could be a key factor in post-stroke neuronal survival. In neurons, excitatory amino acid carrier 1 (EAAC1) is involved in the influx of cysteine, and intracellular cysteine is the rate-limiting substrate for the synthesis of GSH. Recently, several studies have indicated that cysteine uptake through EAAC1 suppresses ischemia-induced neuronal death via the promotion of hippocampal GSH synthesis in ischemic animal models. In this article, we aimed to review and describe the role of GSH in hippocampal neuroprotection after ischemia/reperfusion, focusing on EAAC1.     

An Engineered Biliverdin-Compatible Cyanobacteriochrome Enables a Unique Ultrafast Reversible Photoswitching Pathway

Cyanobacteriochromes (CBCRs) are promising optogenetic tools for their diverse absorption properties with a single compact cofactor-binding domain. We previously uncovered the ultrafast reversible photoswitching dynamics of a red/green photoreceptor AnPixJg2, which binds phycocyanobilin (PCB) that is unavailable in mammalian cells. Biliverdin (BV) is a mammalian cofactor with a similar structure to PCB but exhibits redder absorption. To improve the AnPixJg2 feasibility in mammalian applications, AnPixJg2_BV4 with only four mutations has been engineered to incorporate BV. Herein, we implemented femtosecond transient absorption (fs-TA) and ground state femtosecond stimulated Raman spectroscopy (GS-FSRS) to uncover transient electronic dynamics on molecular time scales and key structural motions responsible for the photoconversion of AnPixJg2_BV4 with PCB (Bpcb) and BV (Bbv) cofactors in comparison with the parent AnPixJg2 (Apcb). Bpcb adopts the same photoconversion scheme as Apcb, while BV4 mutations create a less bulky environment around the cofactor D ring that promotes a faster twist. The engineered Bbv employs a reversible clockwise/counterclockwise photoswitching that requires a two-step twist on ~5 and 35 picosecond (ps) time scales. The primary forward P_fr → P_o transition displays equal amplitude weights between the two processes before reaching a conical intersection. In contrast, the primary reverse P_o → P_fr transition shows a 2:1 weight ratio of the ~35 ps over 5 ps component, implying notable changes to the D-ring-twisting pathway. Moreover, we performed pre-resonance GS-FSRS and quantum calculations to identify the Bbv vibrational marker bands at ~659,797, and 1225 cm⁻¹. These modes reveal a stronger H-bonding network around the BV cofactor A ring with BV4 mutations, corroborating the D-ring-dominant reversible photoswitching pathway in the excited state. Implementation of BV4 mutations in other PCB-binding GAF domains like AnPixJg4, AM1_1870g3, and NpF2164g5 could promote similar efficient reversible photoswitching for more directional bioimaging and optogenetic applications, and inspire other bioengineering advances.     

Pore Structure and Thermal Stability of Mesoporous Mullite Fibers Prepared by Crystallization and Selective Leaching of Al2O3-SiO2 Glass Fibers

Porous mullite fibers were prepared by crystallization and selective leaching of Al2O3-SiO2 glass fibers using buffered HF-NH4F(BHF) aqueous solutions. The optimum concentration of BHF solution for selective leaching of the fibers was 0.9 mass% HF and 17.0 mass% NH4F. By firing at 1000–1300°C, the glass fibers changed into composite texture of mullite and glassy phase. Since the pores in the fibers were formed by selective leaching of glassy phase among mullite grains, they were tunable by changing the firing conditions of fibers. Pore size of the samples changed from around 4 nm in the 1100°C fired sample to 16 and 40 nm in the 1200 and 1300°C fired samples, respectively. The highest specific surface area obtained was around 30 m2/g, when the fibers were heat treated at 1200°C for 24 h and leached for 20 h in 0.9 mass% HF-17.0 mass% NH4F solution. From the thermal stability tests of the porous mullite fibers, its specific surface area was found to be maintained up to 1200–1300°C.     

Production of (S)-4-chloro-3-hydroxybutyrate by microbial resolution using hydrolase from Rhizobium sp. DS-S-51

(S)-4-Chloro-3-hydroxybutyrate (CHB) is essential for the synthesis of biologically and pharmacologically important compounds. Rhizobium sp. DS-S-51 isolated from soil samples showed hydrolytic activity toward (R)-CHB in the racemate to (R)-3-hydroxy-gamma-butyrolactone (HL) under a simple composition of the reaction. Residual (S)-CHB was obtained with high optical purity. The gene encoding the enzyme concerned, designated CHB hydrolase, was isolated from DS-S-51, and the gene was highly expressed in Escherichia coli JM109. When the resolution of racemic methyl CHB (CHBM) as a substrate was performed using this recombinant cell, JM109 (pKK-R1), the hydrolytic activity was found to be 40-fold greater than that of DS-S-51, and the maximum concentration of the substrate added increased 2-fold. Moreover, (R)-HL was also obtained without decreasing the optical purity compared with that when (R)-CHBM was used as a substrate.     

Heat transfer and pressure loss characteristics of a heat exchanger for recovering latent heat (effects of straight fin length and fin pitch on the heat transfer and pressure loss characteristics)

In recent years, the requirement for the reduction of energy consumption has been increasing to solve the problems of global warming and the shortage of petroleum resources. A latent heat recovery type heat exchanger is one of the effective methods for improving thermal efficiency by recovering latent heat. This paper describes the heat transfer and pressure loss characteristics of a latent heat recovery type heat exchanger having straight fins (fin length: 65 mm or 100 mm, fin pitch: 2.5 mm or 4 mm). These were clarified by measuring the exchange heat quantity, the pressure loss of the heat exchanger, and the heat transfer coefficient between the outer fin surface and gas. The effects of fin length and fin pitch on heat transfer and pressure loss characteristics were clarified. Furthermore, equations for predicting the heat transfer coefficient and pressure loss which are necessary for heat exchanger design were proposed. ©2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res, 36(4): 230– 247, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/htj.20153 Copyright © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Fin efficiency of serrated fins. Part 4. Correction factor for inline arrangement

A correction factor to the theoretical fin efficiency of serrated fins, reported in Part 1 and Part 2 of this report, was derived for an inline arrangement experimentally. The experiment was performed using an open‐type wind tunnel with six kinds of test finned‐tubes made of copper, carbon steel and stainless steel, which were arranged in one to five rows. Heat transfer measurement was done by the local thermal simulation method. The derived correction factor for the 1st row was the same as for staggered arrangement reported in Part 3, for the 2nd and deeper rows, however, a further correction was needed, which may be caused by the difference in the nonuniformity in heat transfer coefficient over the fin surface. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res, 33(4): 258–269, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/htj.20008     

Heat Transfer Characteristics and Reynolds Stress Budget of Spatially Advancing Turbulent Flow in a Curved Channel

Direct numerical simulation was performed for the spatially advancing turbulent flow and heat transfer in a two-dimensional curved channel equating the radius ratio to 0.92 or 0.8. The frictional Reynolds number was fixed at 150, whereas the Prandtl number was set at 0.71. According to the numerical result, the remarkable enhancement of heat transfer occurred on the outer wall, suggesting the organized vortex activated the heat transfer. The budgets of Reynolds stresses clarified that the onset and growth of the organized flow was assisted by the direct energy transfer from the mean flow.     

High-performance carbon counter electrode for dye-sensitized solar cells

Here, we reported that a new carbon electrode prepared with an activated carbon was superior to a Pt sputtered electrode as the counter electrode of dye-sensitized solar cells. The photovoltaic performance was largely influenced by the roughness factor of carbon electrode. The open-circuit voltage increased by about 60 mV using the carbon counter electrode compared to the Pt counter electrode because of positive shift of the formal potential for I₃⁻/I⁻ couple.