Produktionsintegrierter Umweltschutz — Verminderung von Reststoffen,gezeigt anhand ausgeführter Beispiele

Practical examples of production-related environmental protection and volume reduction in residual substances . Minimizing the volume of residual substances produced in chemical production processes is a matter of growing significance. One example is the production of toluylene diisocyanate where HCl gases generated as by-products are reclaimed by a special HCl electrolysis process and subsequently used in the production of precursors for toluylene diisocyanate. Another example is a combined disposal system for sewage sludge and for a particular chlorine-laden residue (a chlorinated hydrocarbon). Once this plant had gone on stream it was possible both to reduce considerably the volume of waste to be dumped in the landfill and to discontinue the incineration of the chlorinated hydrocarbon at sea.     

Hair colorants

The properties, mode of action and its duration of the preparations used for hair dyeing are described, together with their chemical components, and also preparations of herbal origin. The chemical reactions are described in detail which lead the development of a color polymer occurring during hair dyeing. The studies are presented which are used for toxicological assessment of the raw materials which are the components of the colorants, and the list is included of hair colorants permitted for use in Poland.     

Functional properties of protein preparations from amaranth seeds in model system

The gross chemical composition and functional properties (solubility, emulsifying and foaming properties) of different amaranth protein preparations were studied in model systems and were compared to those of casein and soy protein isolates. Preparations of alkaline-soluble total protein, albumin, globulin, and glutelin-like alkaline-soluble residual protein were produced from two different types of defatted amaranth meals by extraction and fractionation. Although similarity can be shown between protein patterns of legumes (including soy) and amaranth, the emulsifying and foaming properties of amaranth protein preparations are relatively poor in comparison to the reference proteins, except foaming properties of albumin preparations. Nevertheless, taking in mind that these properties depend on interactions with other food components and textural requirements of individual food products, the amaranth protein preparations may be treated as potential protein sources and food ingredients.     

Which fluid space is affected by ultrafiltration during hemodiafiltration?

Ultrafiltration (UF) is a common procedure performed during almost all dialysis sessions. During UF, several liters of fluid are removed; however, what proportion of this fluid is removed from which fluid space could not be clinically measured easily until now; we designed this study to evaluate the fluid spaces most affected by UF. This is a prospective cohort study of 40 prevalent chronic hemodialysis patients receiving thrice weekly hemodiafiltration (HDF). We measured the patients' fluid spaces using a whole‐body bioimpedance apparatus to evaluate the changes of fluid spaces before and immediately after the HDF sessions. We recorded the data on fluid spaces, UF volume, and blood pressures. The cohort consisted of 40 prevalent HDF patients, aged 60.0 ± 5.2 years (37.5% men; 27.5% people with diabetes), and body weight 71.03 ± 15.48 kg. Achieved UF was 2.38 ± 0.98 L on HDF (measured fluid overload: 2.35 ± 1.44 L). The extracellular fluid (EC) volume decreased from 16.84 ± 3.52 to 14.89 ± 3.06 L (P < 0.0001) and intracellular fluid (IC) volume from 16.88 ± 4.40 to 16.55 ± 4.48 L (P = 0.45). Although urea volume of distribution remained effectively unchanged (31.38 ± 7.28 vs. 30.70 ± 7.32 L; P = 0.45), the degree of EC volume overload decreased from 13.60% ± 7.30% to 3.83% ± 8.32% (P < 0.0001). The mean arterial pressure also decreased from 122.95 ± 19.02 to 108.50 ± 13.91 mmHg (P < 0.0001). We conclude that source of net fluid loss by ultrafiltration is almost exclusively the EC fluid space. The intracellular fluid space is not significantly affected immediately after HDF.     

CFD models in the development of electrical waste recycling technologies

Nowadays electrical waste (EW) recycling has become a practical way to provide raw material for new devices. Computer parts such as memory, motherboard or other parts contain large amount of metals from which the recovery of precious metals and copper represents the highest economical potential. With a proper chemical treatment these metals can be efficiently extracted and separated from the actual waste. For this task a specially designed leaching reactor, equipped with a perforated rotating drum, was used. This work is aimed at investigating if computational fluid dynamics (CFD) tools can be efficiently applied to model the chemical reactor used to dissolve the metals from the EW. First a hybrid CFD-compartment approach was developed to describe the dissolution process in the leaching reactor while the CFD models were used to model the hydrodynamics of the process. Based on the detailed model containing momentum and component mass balance the developed simulator could be used to enhance the performance of the existing reactor system. For the modelling studies COMSOL Multiphysics was used as CFD software.     

利用高温二维液相色谱对功能化聚烯烃进行表征

二维液相色谱（2D-LC）提供了合成聚合物和生物聚合物分子异质性的不同方面的信息。聚烯烃材料的2D-LC分析需要高温,但聚烯烃的高温二维液相色谱（HT-2D-LC）分析条件却未见报道。通过高温相互作用液相色谱系统（根据分析物分子化学成分的差异进行分离）和体积排阻色谱（SEC）（根据分析物分子摩尔质量的不同进行分离）的联用,乙烯-乙酸乙烯酯共聚物的完整HT-2D-LC分离第一次得以实现。     

Structure of the Au-Rh bimetallic system formed on titanate nanowires and nanotubes

Au, Rh and Au-Rh nanoclusters were studied on one-dimensional titania nanostructures by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). On titanate nanowire and tube supports the gold 4f_7/2 XP emission appeared after reduction at 83.6 eV and 85.6 eV indicating two different sizes or chemical environments of gold nanoclusters. Small clusters also developed in rhodium containing samples besides the pure metallic state. Upon CO adsorption on the 1% Rh/titanate nanostructures the IR stretching frequencies characteristic of the twin (geminal) form were dominant, whereas bimetallic nanosystems featured a pronounced linear CO stretching vibration. At the same time the highest binding energy state disappeared almost completely indicating the enlargement of nanoclusters which was in agreement with SEM results. Very likely “core-shell” bimetallic clusters form, where gold covers the rhodium.     

Geography- and infrastructure-aware topology design methodology for broadband access networks (FTTx)

We present a topology design methodology for broadband (FTTx) access networks. The calculations are based on real geographic data (digital maps) and infrastructural information of the targeted area, using detailed and realistic cost models in order to provide results of practical interest. The developed heuristics offer low time consumption and nearly optimal solutions for the highly complex problem of minimal cost network deployment, due to the properly chosen and customized heuristic algorithms for the various network technologies. We review the specific properties of the FTTx network technologies, present a formal representation of the problem including a detailed cost function and network model and discuss complexity issues. The various solution techniques are presented along with case studies of real-life scenarios in order to show the potential of the methodology. The developed heuristic algorithms offer an approximation of the optimum within 10–15%, while time consumption remains in the range of a few minutes, even for large-scale scenarios with 10,000s of customers. Beyond topology design, the results provided by these methods are useful for a preliminary CAPEX estimation and techno-economic comparison.     

Laboratory experiments with impacting fuel rods

Vibration surveillance and diagnostics of fuel rods and fuel assemblies are important tasks in NPPs. They are so much the more difficult since the commonly used accelerometers do not operate properly under the extreme conditions of the core of reactor. Therefore vibration (or impact) of fuel rods can only be detected indirectly from neutron noise or pressure fluctuation signals. Thus accurate knowledge of vibration phenomena and measurability is very important.

Experimental results on models without limiter give good coincidence with theoretical calculations. Spectra measured on impacting rod become smoother with increasing impacting level. Spectra of fuel rods have a wider range in impacting rate and higher level of smoothing than spectra of model rod have. The impacting rate strongly depends on mechanical properties of the rod.

By the experiments, one can state that as for Fourier spectra the only thing caused by the impacts is the smoothening. This, however, has the very remarkable consequence, that disappearance of certain peaks does not always reflect a decrease in the vibration amplitude, but can also mean the opposite case — a vibration increased to such an extent that the rod is impacting on its surroundings. Thus there is a higher chance to give faulty diagnosis by Fourier spectra only. Consequently investigation of fuel rod vibration requires increased caution.