全文获取类型
收费全文 | 829篇 |
免费 | 60篇 |
国内免费 | 2篇 |
专业分类
电工技术 | 4篇 |
综合类 | 4篇 |
化学工业 | 164篇 |
金属工艺 | 16篇 |
机械仪表 | 7篇 |
建筑科学 | 43篇 |
矿业工程 | 3篇 |
能源动力 | 20篇 |
轻工业 | 73篇 |
水利工程 | 4篇 |
武器工业 | 1篇 |
无线电 | 89篇 |
一般工业技术 | 173篇 |
冶金工业 | 82篇 |
原子能技术 | 9篇 |
自动化技术 | 199篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 4篇 |
2023年 | 15篇 |
2022年 | 18篇 |
2021年 | 27篇 |
2020年 | 20篇 |
2019年 | 34篇 |
2018年 | 33篇 |
2017年 | 21篇 |
2016年 | 42篇 |
2015年 | 33篇 |
2014年 | 41篇 |
2013年 | 48篇 |
2012年 | 48篇 |
2011年 | 70篇 |
2010年 | 43篇 |
2009年 | 43篇 |
2008年 | 55篇 |
2007年 | 48篇 |
2006年 | 43篇 |
2005年 | 22篇 |
2004年 | 19篇 |
2003年 | 13篇 |
2002年 | 25篇 |
2001年 | 9篇 |
2000年 | 8篇 |
1999年 | 10篇 |
1998年 | 8篇 |
1997年 | 4篇 |
1996年 | 6篇 |
1995年 | 6篇 |
1994年 | 3篇 |
1993年 | 6篇 |
1992年 | 7篇 |
1991年 | 4篇 |
1990年 | 8篇 |
1989年 | 5篇 |
1988年 | 1篇 |
1987年 | 4篇 |
1986年 | 1篇 |
1985年 | 8篇 |
1984年 | 4篇 |
1983年 | 6篇 |
1982年 | 4篇 |
1981年 | 4篇 |
1980年 | 2篇 |
1979年 | 4篇 |
1978年 | 1篇 |
1976年 | 3篇 |
排序方式: 共有891条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
81.
The integration of different energy systems, e.g., industrial and municipal, is potentially important for the efficient utilization of energy. It is important that the tools for analysing this type of integration can handle the energy systems on different levels, e.g., regional, site, plant and process levels. In this work, a framework for investigating the cost-efficient integration of large-scale energy systems is presented and tested at the UPM-Kymmene Kaukas pulp and paper plant and in the municipality of Lappeenranta, Finland. In addition to the different levels, the framework also aims to take into account several sub-problems, e.g., fuel logistic, optimal heat exchanger network and overall efficiency versus flexibility. The case in question shows that the presented framework can be used as a systematic tool for analysing the potential of integrating large energy systems and that it is able to handle both the synthesis of flexible heat exchanger networks and analyse the cost-efficiency of changes to the existing systems. 相似文献
82.
Juha Häkkinen Timo Rahkonen Juha Kostamovaara 《Analog Integrated Circuits and Signal Processing》1998,15(1):71-83
Two integrated direct I/Q modulators suitable for directupconversion with an output frequency of 950 MHz and baseband frequencies of60 to 500 kHz are fabricated in a 1.2 µm and 0.8 µm BiCMOSprocess, respectively, and their performance under various operatingconditions is discussed. The modulators use different phase shiftertopologies, one of which is based on digital CML latches and the other ondifferential pairs with resistive and capacitive emitter degeneration. Bothcircuits are operated using a single 5 V supply and they consume 50 mA or115 mA depending on the topology. The main properties of the CML modulatorare, for example, an output power of –11 ± 0.5 dBm at 100 MHzand –15 ± 2.25 dBm at 950 MHz over the temperature range of–10 to +85°C, LO suppression of 38 dBc and image rejection of41 dBc. 相似文献
83.
Kari mnkknen Tuula T. Pakkanen Joni Hietala Esko J. Pkknen Pertti Pkknen Timo Jskelinen Terho Kaikuranta 《Polymer Engineering and Science》2002,42(7):1600-1608
A comprehensive experimental study was carried out to replicate sub‐micron features using the injection molding technique. For the experiments, five different plastic materials were selected according to their flow properties. The materials were polycarbonate (PC), styrene‐butadiene block copolymer (SBS), impact modified poly(methyl methacrylate), methyl methacrylate‐acrylonitrile‐butadiene‐styrene polymer (MABS), and cyclic olefin copolymer (COC). Nanofeatures down to 200‐nm line width and with aspect ratios (aspect ratio = depth/width) of 1:1 could be replicated. In all selected materials, the greatest differences between the materials emerged when the aspect ratio increased to 2:1. The most favorable results were obtained with the use of high flow polycarbonate as the molding material. The best replication results were achieved when melt and mold temperatures were higher than normal values. 相似文献
84.
Kaupo Kukli Mikko Ritala Teet Uustare Jaan Aarik Katarina Forsgren Timo Sajavaara Markku Leskel Anders Hrsta 《Thin solid films》2002,410(1-2):53-60
ZrO2 films of thicknesses varied in the range of 3–30 nm were atomic layer deposited from ZrI4 and H2O–H2O2 on p-Si(100) substrates. The effects of film thickness and deposition temperature on the structure and dielectric properties of ZrO2 were investigated. At 272 and 325 °C, the growth of ZrO2 started with the formation of the cubic polymorph and continued with the formation of the tetragonal polymorph. The ratio between the lattice parameters increased with the film thickness and growth temperature. The effective permittivity, determined from the accumulation capacitance of Hg/ZrO2/Si capacitors, increased with the film thickness, reaching 15–17 in 25-nm-thick films. The permittivity decreased with the increasing growth temperature. The hysteresis of the capacitance–voltage curves was the narrowest for the films deposited at 325 °C, and increased towards both lower and higher deposition temperatures. 相似文献
85.
J. C. Ion T. Moisio T. F. Pedersen B. Sørensen C. M. Hansson 《Journal of Materials Science》1991,26(1):43-48
A 13.5% Cr, 0.6% C steel, with an initial microstructure of chromium carbides in a ferrite matrix, was heat-treated by scanning a high-power laser beam over the surface. The aim was to compare the physical and chemical properties produced by this type of selective surface treatment with those resulting from a conventional furnace desensitization and quench-hardening heat treatment. Surface heating homogenized the carbon originally bound in the carbides sufficiently to produce martensite, giving hardening to levels comparable with a conventional heat treatment. Chromium-rich zones, carbides and retained austenite were also detected in the heated microstructure. Surface melting produced complete homogenization of both carbon and chromium, which resulted in the retention of large amounts of austenite in the microstructure on cooling to room temperature. Subsequent refrigeration at — 196 °C transformed some of the austenite to martensite. Pitting corrosion and local reductions in hardness were observed adjacent to treated areas under certain conditions, due to precipitation of secondary carbides and elevated tempering, respectively. 相似文献
86.
Michael J. Thul Frank Gilbert Timo Vogt Gerd Kreiselmaier Norbert Wehn 《Journal of Signal Processing Systems》2005,39(1-2):63-77
The need for higher data rates is ever rising as wireless communications standards move from the third to the fourth generation. Turbo-Codes are the prevalent channel codes for wireless systems due to their excellent forward error correction capability. So far research has mainly focused on components of high throughput Turbo-Decoders. In this paper we explore the Turbo-Decoder design space anew, both under system design and deep-submicron implementation aspects. Our approach incorporates all levels of design, from I/O behavior down to floorplaning taking deep-submicron effects into account. Its scalability allows to derive optimized architectures tailored to the given throughput and target technology. We present results for 3GPP compliant Turbo-Decoders beyond 100 Mbit/s synthesized on a 0.18 μm standard cell library. 相似文献
87.
Background
Various studies have implicated psychosocial variables (e.g., hostility) in risk of dangerous driving and traffic accidents. However, whether these variables are related to more basic neurobiological factors, and whether such associations have implications for the modification of psychosocial risk factors in the context of driving, have not been examined in depth. This study examined the relationship between hemispheric preference (HP), hostility and self-reported dangerous driving, and the ability to affect driving anger via hemisphere activating cognitive exercises (HACE).Methods
In Study 1, 254 Turkish students completed questionnaires of hostility, HP and driving behavior. In Study 2, we conducted a “proof of concept” experimental study, and tested effects of left, right and neutral HACE on driving anger, by exposing N = 650 Turkish students to written scenarios including either logical (left hemisphere), visuo-spatial (right hemisphere) or “mild doses” of both types of contents (control).Results
In Study 1, left-HP was associated with higher hostility and with more dangerous driving, and hostility mediated the relationship between L-HP and reported driving behavior. In Study 2, only right-HACE led to immediate significant reductions in self-reported driving anger.Conclusions
Left-HP is related to hostility and to dangerous driving, and it may be possible to partly reduce driving anger by right-HACE. Future studies must replicate these findings with objective measures, more enduring interventions and longer follow-ups. 相似文献88.
Matthias Holl Timo Rogge Stefan Loehnert Peter Wriggers Raimund Rolfes 《Computational Mechanics》2014,53(1):173-188
This work presents a new multiscale technique to investigate advancing cracks in three dimensional space. This fully adaptive multiscale technique is designed to take into account cracks of different length scales efficiently, by enabling fine scale domains locally in regions of interest, i.e. where stress concentrations and high stress gradients occur. Due to crack propagation, these regions change during the simulation process. Cracks are modeled using the extended finite element method, such that an accurate and powerful numerical tool is achieved. Restricting ourselves to linear elastic fracture mechanics, the $J$ -integral yields an accurate solution of the stress intensity factors, and with the criterion of maximum hoop stress, a precise direction of growth. If necessary, the on the finest scale computed crack surface is finally transferred to the corresponding scale. In a final step, the model is applied to a quadrature point of a gas turbine blade, to compute crack growth on the microscale of a real structure. 相似文献
89.
Timo P. J. Mikkola Heikki Raiko 《International Journal of Pressure Vessels and Piping》1992,52(3):357-377
A program system for fracture assessment of nuclear power plant structures has been developed. The system consists of an easy-to-use program for engineering analysis and an automated finite element (FE) program system for more accurate analysis with solid three-dimensional (3D) models. The VTTSIF (SIF stress intensity factor) program for engineering fracture assessment applies either the weight function method or superposition method in calculating the stress intensity factor, and the fatigue crack growth analysis is based on the Paris equation. The structural geometry cases of the VTTSIF program are organized in an extendable subroutine database. The generation of a 3D FE model of a cracked structure is automated by the ACR program (automatic finite element model generation for part through cracks). The FE analyses are created with generally accepted commercial programs, and the virtual crack extension method (VCE) is used for fracture parameter evaluation by the VTTVIRT postprocessor program (program for J-integral evaluation using virtual crack extension method). The several test cases have demonstrated that the accuracy of the present system is satisfactory for practical applications. 相似文献
90.
Although Finland's forest resources have been utilized intensively, the size of the total volume of the growing stock has increased since the mid-1960s, and hence increasing amounts of carbon have been sequestered by forests. The net sequestration by forests has also been substantial when compared with the CO2 emissions resulting from energy generation and consumption based on fossil fuels and peat. It is also important, from the point of view of mitigating the effects of climate change, to assess how the sequestration capacity of forests may change under changing climatic conditions. This paper presents the results of a study assessing the development of the forest and wood-product carbon budget for Finland, based on regionally measured data, detailed dynamic models, and recent predictions concerning the changing climate. At the starting point for the simulation (1990), nearly 90% of the forest sector's carbon storage was found in the forest. Regular management transferred carbon from forests to wood products. Under the current climatic conditions, the simulated forest carbon storage increased 45% by the year 2100, and the wood-product storage by 320%, as a consequence of continuous production. Under changing climate conditions, the forest carbon storage increased, but started to decline when the temperature increase exceeded 2.5°C within 40 years. 相似文献