Monitoring systems and determination of actual fatigue usage

At GKN, fatigue monitoring of important components has been conducted since 1979. The monitoring methods depend on the mechanisms of damage; quasi-static loads are regarded as well as dynamic loads. The components were selected for monitoring on the basis of a system analysis. The data resulting from monitoring are used to optimise operation mode steadily. Experience shows that the use of monitoring data as input for fatigue assessment is the most realistic and cost-effective way. This fatigue assessment uses global and local sensitivity studies to evaluate the load-stress relation for each component. These relations can be programmed to produce stress vs. time curves. These are processed according to ASME rules to give a realistic fatigue usage.     

Behavior of a vibrating wire near the liquid3He-vacuum interface and in a saturated3He-4He mixture

In this paper we describe the effect of the vicinity of a liquid³He-vacuum interface on the behavior of a vibrating wire viscometer. It was found that in the fluid near the liquid interface the quality factor is lower than in the bulk liquid. We further report on the observation of a doubling of the resonance peak of the wire in a saturated³He-⁴He mixture. The frequencies and amplitudes of the two peaks strongly depend on the distance between the phase boundary and the vibrating wire; the temperature and the velocity of the phase boundary have no significant influence on the peak frequencies. The observed peak doubling is attributed to the coupling of the vibrating wire with a standing second-sound wave in the dilute phase where the volume of the dilute phase can be regarded as a resonating cavity for second sound.     

Investigations of delamination criticality and the transferability of growth criteria

This article describes a study of delamination growth along 0 °/0 °, 0 °/ 5 °, ± 5 °, and 0 °/90 ° interfaces sandwiched between unidirectional carbon fibre/epoxy composite material. Relationships between damage criticality, growth rate and acoustic emission activity for delamination growth have been studied and the transferability of results from laboratory coupons to composite structural elements has been examined. Two types of coupon tests, conventional delamination beams and rigidly loaded single edge notched strips, have been compared for different mode ratios. Comparative tests have been made on buckling-induced delamination in plates. A graphite crack gauge has been used to measure delamination length and growth rate, ranging from 0.05–2000 m/s. Damage growth was also followed using visual, ultrasonic C-scan, X-ray radiography, macro-video and acoustic emission measurements. Empirical evaluations of interlaminar toughness for delamination beams are made using the Irwin-Kies relation. Unstable growth is analysed using elasto-dynamic moving finite elements. Bucklinginduced delamination is analysed using plate/shell FE methods with growth/remeshing algorithms.     

A mechanism for transgranular stress-corrosion cracking

A model is proposed to explain transgranular-stress corrosion cracking (T-SCC) in face-centered cubic (fcc) materials. Crack propagation is shown to be anisotropic, in that growth near {110} < 001> is discontinuous due to crack arrest by dislocation blunting whereas growth away from this growth orientation is continuous. For the former case, renucleation of arrested cracks involves active dissolution of shear bands at the crack tip, which changes the stress state at Lomer-Cottrell locks, causing them to fail by cleavage. Once the crack is nucleated, its instantaneous macroscopic crack-growth velocity is considered to be comprised of multiple nucleation of microcracks with intervening arrests. This microcracking results from the interaction of the stress fields from neighboring cracks which are forming simultaneously, the crack-opening constraint due to ligaments which act as “bridges” behind the crack front, and the localized dissolution at the microcrack tip which affectsK _IC and leads to the “cobblestone” appearance. Experimental evidence and theoretical considerations are presented to support the model. The system studied was Cu-25 at. pct Au in 0.6 M NaCl solution at potentials between 300 and 400 mV (sce), which precludes hydrogen embrittlement. This article is based on a presentation made in the symposium “Quasi-Brittle Fracture” presented during the TMS fall meeting, Cincinnati, OH, October 21–24, 1991, under the auspices of the TMS Mechanical Metallurgy Committee and the ASM/MSD Flow and Fracture Committee.     

Nitric oxide reduction and carbon monoxide oxidation over carbon-supported copper-chromium catalysts

Carbon supported copper-chromium catalysts are shown to be very active for both the reduction of nitric oxide with carbon monoxide and the oxidation of carbon monoxide with oxygen. Mixed copper-chromium oxide active phases have good activity in the simultaneous removal of nitric oxide and carbon monoxide from exhaust gases. The influence of several catalyst variables has been investigated. The activity per volume of catalyst increases with increasing loading, while the intrinsic activity shows a maximum around C/M=100−50. An optimum catalyst for nitric oxide reduction and carbon monoxide oxidation has a copper/chromium ratio of 2/1. The apparent activation energy for the carbon monoxide oxidation over carbon supported copper-chromium catalysts is 77 kJ/mol, suggesting that the Cu---O bond rupture is the rate-limiting process. The reduction of nitric oxide takes place at higher temperatures. Since all catalysts have a low selectivity for molecular nitrogen formation at lower temperatures, the dissociation of nitric oxide is probably rate determining, resulting in a slightly reduced catalyst system. In an excess of carbon monoxide the reaction is first-order in nitric oxide and zero-order in carbon monoxide. Moisture inhibits the reaction by reversible competitive adsorption, whereas carbon dioxide does not. Oxygen completely inhibits the reduction of nitric oxide due to the more rapid reoxidation of the catalytic sites compared to nitric oxide. Therefore, the reduction of nitric oxide takes place only when all oxygen has been converted and, hence, is shifted to higher temperatures. As a possible consequence, the production of nitrous oxide is reduced. Nitric oxide and molecular oxygen react preferentially with carbon monoxide, so, in an excess of oxidizing component, gasification of the carbon support occurs at higher temperatures after carbon monoxide has been completely consumed.     

Resonance assignment of methionine methyl groups and chi 3 angular information from long-range proton-carbon and carbon-carbon J correlation in a calmodulin-peptide complex

Several simple 3D experiments are used to provide J correlations between methionine C epsilon methyl carbons and either the C gamma H2 protons or C beta and C gamma. The intensity of the J correlations provides information on the size of the three-bond J couplings and thereby on the chi 3 torsion angle. In addition, a simple 3D version of the HMBC experiment provides a sensitive link between the C epsilon H3 methyl protons and C gamma. The methods are demonstrated for a 20 kDa complex between calmodulin and a 26-residue peptide fragment of skeletal muscle myosin light chain kinase.     

Predictive equation for acquisition of hepatitis B in hospital workers in a general hospital

A cross-sectional study was performed to obtain risk factors for hepatitis B disease, HBsAg carriers and immunised personnel, among 2470 workers in a general hospital in Madrid, Spain. The data obtained were analyzed with multiple logistic regression to obtain beta coefficients for variables. The results of the analysis show that being a nurse or being regularly exposed to blood are the most important risk factors for hepatitis B acquisition. The length of time working at the same job activity was also a risk factor. The resulting beta coefficients allow the construction for a hepatitis non-immunised, HBsAg carrier and immunised HBV status, which can select subjects for a hepatitis B vaccination program.