Exploring the dimensions of egocentricity in aircraft navigation displays.

Researchers explain a model of navigation that proposes that local guidance and global awareness are better supported by more, and less, egocentric displays, respectively. Greater egocentrism is created by perspective viewing, map rotation, and viewpoint positions that correspond to the axis of control. The model was tested in an experiment in which 40 pilots flew simulated landings with displays that varied the degree of egocentrism between a fully egocentric viewpoint, 3 distances of exocentric 3-dimensional viewpoints, and a 2-dimensional planar display. The results generally supported model predictions: The egocentric viewpoint supported best guidance, whereas the mid-distance exocentric viewpoint supported best global awareness. Implications of the model for the design of flight displays in particular, and navigational displays in general, are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Preparation of Photodegradable Oligomers Containing Metal–Metal Bonds Using ADMET

ADMET was evaluated as a method for preparing organometallic polymers with metal–metal bonds in the main chain. The Cp₂Mo₂CO₄(Ph₂P(CH₂)₆CH=CH₂)₂ complex was synthesized, and the X-ray crystal structure is reported. The molecule did not undergo ADMET polymerization with Grubbs’ or Schrock’s catalysts. In a control experiment to test if the Ph₂P(CH₂)₆CH=CH₂ ligand was interfering with the ADMET reaction, the phosphine was reacted with Grubbs’ 2nd generation catalyst. The dimerized metathesis product Ph₂P(CH₂)₆CH=CH(CH₂)₆PPh₂ was obtained with no observed degradation or deactivation of the catalyst. To test the inherent ADMET reactivity of the Ph₂P(CH₂)₆CH=CH₂ ligand when it is bonded to a metal center, the mononuclear cis-Mo(CO)₄(Ph₂P(CH₂)₆CH=CH₂)₂ complex was synthesized and polymerized using Grubbs’ 2nd generation catalyst. These control experiments suggest that the inability of Cp₂Mo₂CO₄(Ph₂P(CH₂)₆CH=CH₂)₂ to polymerize is not due to electronic effects pertaining to the C=C unit of the Ph₂P(CH₂)₆CH=CH₂ ligand. Accordingly, steric effects are implicated in the inability of the Cp₂Mo₂CO₄(Ph₂P(CH₂)₆CH=CH₂)₂ to polymerize by ADMET.     

Hazard assessment techniques used in the chemical industry and their possible uses elsewhere

The traditional methods used for the identification and assessment of hazards in the chemical industry are based on experience, but increased economic and environmental restrictions on its operations have required the development of other methods to ensure that an acceptable level of safety is maintained. The present paper briefly reviews the traditional methods, describes in mire detail the basis of the newer methods, namely hazard and operability studies and hazard analysis, and considers how they might be more widely used in assessing fire hazards.     

Prognosis for total control of complex partial and secondarily generalized tonic clonic seizures. Department of Veterans Affairs Epilepsy Cooperative Studies No. 118 and No. 264 Group

When chaperonins GroEL and GroES are incubated under functional conditions in the presence of ATP (5 mM) and K+ (150 mM), GroEL-GroES complexes appear in the incubation mixture, that are either asymmetric (1:1 GroEL:GroES oligomer ratio) or symmetric (1:2 GroEL:GroES oligomer ratio). The percentage of symmetric complexes present is directly related to the [ATP]/[ADP] ratio and to the K+ concentration. Kinetic analysis shows that there is a cycle of formation and disappearance of symmetric complexes. A correlation between the presence of symmetric complexes in the incubation mixture and its rhodanese folding activity suggests some active role of these complexes in the protein folding process. Accordingly, under functional conditions, symmetric complexes are found to contain denatured rhodanese. These data suggest that binding of substrate inside the GroEL cavity takes place before the symmetric complex is formed.     

Oncogenicity testing of 2-ethylhexanol in Fischer 344 rats and B6C3F1 mice

An increasing number of studies, both experimental and epidemiologic, have provided evidence that filtering glaucoma surgery may be less effective than initially described. Of a number of risk factors for failure, duration and number of antiglaucoma drugs prior to surgery seem to play a critical role and highly accumulated antiglaucoma topical treatments significantly reduce success rates. Histopathological studies have confirmed that topically applied drugs may exert toxic effects to the corneoconjunctival surface, and induce chronic infraclinical inflammation, as shown by the presence of immune and inflammatory infiltrates in multitreated eyes. The origin of topical inflammation has not yet been clearly determined, but a common component of ophthalmic drugs, the benzalkonium chloride used as preservative in almost all antiglaucoma preparations, has shown strong evidence of toxicity. A number of questions remain to be investigated, but suppression of preservatives from chronically applied drugs should be a critical issue in the near future.     

Further implications for counseling research.

Discusses articles by D. E. Polkinghorne (see record 1985-07630-001), G. S. Howard (see record 1985-07626-001), and M. J. Patton (see record 1985-07629-001), who recommended that counseling research be reoriented. The accepted definition of science, based primarily on the work of pre-20th-century physical scientists, does not fit in with the current advanced thinking about the philosophy of science. Similarities and differences in the 3 articles are considered, and problems that arise from the inadequacy of available psychometric and statistical techniques for the new kinds of research envisaged are discussed. It is concluded that the rethinking of some assumptions with regard to determinism and the way counseling is defined are necessary. (4 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Development of individual psychosocial competence in a high school setting.

The development of the competent self in adolescence, the interrelationship of psychotherapeutic and psychoeducational change, and the role of the high school counselor as a mental health gatekeeper were explored in a pre–post experimental–control design study of group counseling. 147 exemplary ("getting their lives together well and handling school well") and marginal ("having trouble getting their lives together and managing school") high school students participated. Precounseling assessments and patterns of change over the counseling period supported the 1st author's hierarchical competence configuration model of psychosocial functioning, consisting of self-attitudes, world-attitudes, and relevant behavioral attributes. Overall effectiveness of counseling was indicated at multiple levels by significant goal attainment (Kiresuk-Sherman Goal Attainment Scale) and by increased self-efficacy (Rotter's Internal–External Locus of Control Scale). The impact of counseling was significantly different for exemplary than for marginal students and for students from different race and sex subgroups. These findings confirm the interrelation of change patterns at behavioral and personality levels, the importance of sociocultural factors in individual psychosocial change patterns, and the potential therapeutic impact of relatively brief psychoeducational-psychotherapeutic interventions. (22 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)