The patterns of oxygen metabolism in the early posthemorrhagic period]

Investigated all links of oxygen homeostasis of patients in early period afterwards surgical stoppage gastro-intestinal bleeding and urgent intravascular volume replacement. Macrodelivery of oxygen (DO2) was reduced in two and more time in comparison with norm predominant in connection with anemia. In spite of the infringement of transport of oxygen through alveolar-capillary membrane (especially in patients with complications and death in early postoperative period), little affected of degree of hemoglobin saturation by oxygen. Despite decrease of erythrocyte zeta-potential, largely expressed in cases of lethal outcome, considerable infringement of passage through microcirculation vessels is fixed was not. The increase of degree of morbidity and anaerobic metabolism in early postoperative period was accompanied of hyperdynamic hemodynamic reaction. The increase of degree of morbidity was accompanied of increase oxygen deficit owing to infringement of oxidoreduction in fabries also.     

Multiexponential T2 relaxation in Fricke agarose gels: implications for NMR dosimetry

NMR relaxation times T1 and T2 of agarose and Fricke agarose gels have been measured in the range 17-51 MHz. The analysis of the spin echo curves indicates a multiexponential behaviour, characterized by three components, at all the examined frequencies. The relative T2 values, ranging from a few to a hundred milliseconds, can be attributed to different species of water molecules present in the gel. Two of these components are characterized by relaxation rates R2a and R2b, more sensitive than R1 to gamma irradiation, the sensitivity S being S(R1) = 0.066 s-1 Gy-1, S(R2a) = 0.088 s-1 Gy-1, S(R2b) = 0.17 s-1 Gy-1. The three T2 values decrease as a function of frequency, but no gain in dose sensitivity is obtained by changing the working frequency in the examined range. The relaxivity of agarose gels containing ferrous or ferric ions has also been measured and found to be different from those of the corresponding solutions in the absence of agarose. Thus it was possible to estimate the irradiation yield from three independent parameters, R1, R2a and R2b. No effect of the dose rate or of the source energy has been observed for any of these parameters.     

HLA-DR mismatching correlates with early cardiac allograft rejection, incidence, and graft survival when high-confidence-level serological DR typing is used

To determine if cardiac allograft outcome is improved among patients with fewer HLA-DR mismatches with their donors, we studied 132 recipients of a primary cardiac allograft who were transplanted between December 1985 and December 1991. These recipients and their donors all had high-confidence-level serological HLA-DR typing, previously shown to correlate highly with DNA DR typing. Patients were divided in two groups based on the HLA-DR mismatch with their donors. Group I consisted of 78 patients with 1 or zero DR mismatch and group II of 54 patients with 2 DR mismatches. Allograft outcome measurements included incidence of moderate rejection, incidence of allograft vasculopathy at 12 months, cardiac function measured as left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and cardiac index (CI), and actuarial graft survival up to 7 years. Groups I and group II were not different with regard to recipient age, donor age, ischemia time, pulmonary vascular resistance, sex, or PRA greater than 0%. Group II had a higher incidence of moderate rejection on the first-week biopsy (47% vs. 25%, P = 0.019), and during the first month (84% vs. 58%, P = 0.006), but no difference was found in frequency of rejection from months 2 to 12. LVEF was not different in the groups at any point. CI was better in group I at 12 months (2.76 vs. 2.5, P = 0.03). No statistically significant difference was found in incidence of allograft vasculopathy (17% vs. 26%, P = 0.204). Actual graft survival at 1 year was better for group I (91% vs. 74%, P = 0.008), and actuarial graft survival at 6 years also favored group I (76% vs. 56%, P = 0.04). Using high-confidence-level serological HLA-DR typing assignments we demonstrated that HLA-DR mismatching correlates highly with cardiac allograft outcome. Implications are that heart transplant survival could be improved if prospective matching were feasible and prioritized or if immunosuppression were tailored to the HLA-DR match.     

Transport properties of oxygen-deficient YBa2Cu3O7−x thin films

We report on measurements of the in-plane resistivityρ and Hall coefficientR _H (B∥c) of various oxygen-deficient epitaxial films of YBa₂Cu₃O_7?x in the normal state. The superconducting transition temperaturesT _c of the samples vary from 14 to 90 K. Both the resistivity and the Hall coefficient exhibit a strong dependence on the oxygen content and the temperature. Asx increases,T _c decreases continuously, whileρ andR _H gradually increase in magnitude. Furthermore, also the characteristic linear dependences ofραT andR _Hα T ^?1 of the highly doped compounds changes to a nonlinear behavior for the samples withT _c lower than 60 K. The unusual doping and temperature dependence ofR _H will be compared to the predictions of our calculations, based on a two-dimensional tight-binding model using the relaxation-time approximation. The model considers also the next-nearest-neighbor hopping, which strongly influences the predicted Hall coefficient. Additionally, the cotangent of the Hall angle cot(Θ _H ) is discussed in the framework of the two-dimensional Luttinger liquid theory.     

Epidemiological and clinical aspects relating to the variability of rheumatoid arthritis

OBJECTIVE: To review epidemiological studies dealing with the temporal and geographic variability in the occurrence of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and clinical studies that address the variability of severity and manifestations among populations. METHODS: An extensive search of the literature, including a Medline search, was completed. Studies addressing the origin, history, and trends in the occurrence of RA were reviewed first. Next, studies of the prevalence and incidence of RA in different populations were reviewed, and occurrence rates compared. Standardization was attempted by tabulating adult prevalence rates of studies using equivalent sets of criteria. Studies comparing RA patients from two populations were sought next. Finally, studies dealing with explanations of the presumed variability were reviewed. RESULTS: Temporal variability is indicated by paleopathological evidence that RA has existed in the New World since 4000 BC, whereas there is no evidence that it occurred in Europe before the 17th century, or in Africa before the 20th century. Epidemiological studies show a possible trend of decreasing incidence of RA in the United States and Western Europe, whereas reports from Africa note a rising incidence. In white populations of Europe and America, prevalence is approximately 1%, and incidence is 0.03%. Significantly higher rates are found in some North American Indians, and significantly lower rates in some Asian and African populations, even when the different population structures are taken into account. In the latter populations, different patterns of occurrence from those observed in whites emerge, such as greater female preponderance and a much younger peak age at onset. Direct standardized comparisons of two diverse populations of RA patients showed some differences in expression, severity, or manifestations of RA between populations. CONCLUSION: The occurrence and manifestations of RA are temporally and geographically variable.     

Prognostic significance of cathepsin-D in patients with breast cancer

The expression of the protease cathepsin-D has been evaluated using an immunohistochemical technique with a polyclonal antibody in paraffin-embedded tissue from 359 patients treated between the years 1975-1981 for Stage I and II breast cancer. One hundred and twenty seven patients (35%) have strongly positive, granular staining, 138 (38%) are intermediately stained in the cytoplasm, and in 94 (26%) no staining is observed. There is a strong positive association between expression of cathepsin-D and the presence of tumour in axillary lymph nodes (P < 0.006). Expression of the protease is associated with significantly poorer survival of patients in univariate analysis (P = 0.025); however, this is not independent of other tumour variables.     

An introduction to urinary incontinence

Urinary incontinence is most frequently associated with the elderly, particularly women, and is often thought of as inevitable. However, orthopaedic nurses encounter incontinence as a response to alterations in orthopaedic health. This article reviews the types of urinary incontinence, with emphasis on those which may most directly result from orthopaedic problems. It will also help the nurse differentiate between types of incontinence in a way that will clarify appropriate interventions.