Untersuchungen am Verdauungstrakt von Reh, Damhirsch und Mufflon

Zusammenfassung In Mitteilung 4 wurden die Konzentrationen an Fermentationsprodukren (FFS, NH₄ ⁺ und freie Aminosäuren) sowie das Fermentationsmuster im Pansen von Reh, Damhirsch und Mufflon aus zwei Gebieten zur gleichen Jahreszeit (Herbst) bestimmt.Während zwischen der Höhe der Fermentationsprodukte sowie der molaren Verteilung der FFS im Pansen von Reh und Mufflon aus Gebiet B signifikante Unterschiede zu beobachten waren, die Rückschlüsse auf den unterschiedlichen Äsungstyp zuließen, stimmten die Werte der drei Species aus Gebiet A überein.Die erhaltenen Daten wurden mit den Werten der Rohnährstoffanalyse (Mitt. 2) und den Angaben über die mikrobielle Besiedlung (Mitt. 3) im Panseninhalt dieser Tiere verglichen.

---

Summary Communication 4 shows the concentration of fermentation products (FFA [free fatty acids], NH₄ ⁺ and free amino acids) as well as the fermentation pattern in the rumen of roe deer, fallow deer and mouflon studied in two areas at the same season (autumn).Concerning the amount of fermentation products and the molar percentage of FFA, we observed significant differences between the rumen contents of roe deer and mouflon belonging to habitat B, and were able to derive some conclusions about their different feeding behaviour. In area A, the values for the three species were quite similar.The results of our investigation were compared with the information on the crude nutrient content (report 2) and the micro-organisms living in the rumen of the animals (report 3).

---

Résumé Cette quatrième communication est consacrée à la détermination des concentrations de produits de fermentation (acides gras volatils, NH₄ ⁺ et acides aminés libres) de même que de l'échantillon de fermentation obtenus en automne dans la panse de chevreuils, daims et mouflons provenant de deux territoires différents.Tandis que des différences significatives étaient observées entre l'abondance des produits de fermentation et la répartition molaire des acides gras volatils dans la panse des chevreuils et celle des mouflons du territoire B, différences qui suggéraient un régime alimentaire distinct, les valeurs obtenues dans le territoire A étaient analogues pour les trois espèces.Les données obtenues furent comparées avec celles de l'analyse des aliments bruts (communication N^o 2) et celles des populations microbiennes (communication n^o 3) des contenus stomacaux de ces différents animaux.

     

Untersuchungen am Verdauungstrakt von Reh, Damhirsch und Mufflon

Zusammenfassung Die Untersuchungen der chemischen Zusammensetzung des Panseninhaltes von Reh-, Dam- und Muffelwild zweier Lebensräume Süddeutschlands in der Zeit beginnender Äsungsverknappung ergaben, daß nicht in jedem Gebiet zu jeder Jahreszeit die verschiedenen Species die dem vertretenen Äsungstyp entsprechenden Rohnährstoffgehalte im Pansen aufweisen.So enthielt der Panseninhalt des Konzentratselektierers Reh eine ähnliche Rohnährstoffzusammensetzung wie der des Rauhfutterfressers Mufflon im Gebiet A; etwa 25% Rohprotein und 24% Rohfaser in der Trockensubstanz. Im Gebiet B überstieg der Rohproteingehalt im Pansen des Rehes mit 29% weit die Werte des Mufflon mit 18% während die Rohfaserkonzentrationen mit 20% beim Reh wesentlich niedriger als beim Mufflon mit 34% in der Panseninhalt-Trockenmasse lagen. Das Damwild in Gebiet A unterscheidet sich in seinen Rohnährstoffdaten im Panseninhalt zu dieser Jahreszeit nicht von denen des Reh- und Muffelwildes, während die zwei untersuchten Stücke Damwild aus Gebiet B etwa eine Mittelstellung zwischen Reh- und Mufflon einnahmen.

---

Summary According to our studies on the chemical composition of the rumen ingesta from roe deer, fallow deer and mouflon living in two habitats in South Germany collected in the autumn, the beginning of the season of grazing scarcity, it has been found that in each region and season the three species do not show the crude nutritive substances in the rumen corresponding to the type of grazing they were on. In region A, the rumen content of the roe deer, a highly selective browser, had a composition of crude nutritive substances similar to that of the mouflon, a nonselective grazer: about 25% raw protein and 24% crude fibre in the dry matter. In region B, the raw protein content of the roe deer rumen (29%) far exceeded that of the mouflon (18%), while the crude fibre concentration of 20% in the roe deer was considerably less than that of the mouflon with 34%. The fallow deer in region A were indistinguishable from the roe deer and mouflon as regards rumen content but the two animals examined in region B occupied a position between that of the roe deer and the mouflon. The paper discusses possible explanations of these observations.

---

Résumé L'étude de la composition chimique, au début de la période de disette alimentaire, du contenu stomacal de chevreuils, de daims et de mouflons provenant de deux territoires du Sud de l'Allemagne montre que l'on ne retrouve pas, dans la panse des différentes espèces considérées et à cette saison, les matières brutes correspondant au type de nourriture que l'on rencontre dans ces deux territoires.Ainsi, dans le territoire A, le contenu stomacal du Chevreuil, espèce éclectique s'il en est, révéla une composition en matière brute analogue à celle du Mouflon, consommateur caractérisé d'aliments coriaces, soit 25% de protéines brutes et 24% de fibres brutes. Dans le territoire A, la teneur en protéines brutes dans la panse du Chevreuil (29%) dépassait celle du Mouflon (18%) tandis que la teneur en fibres brutes n'atteignait que 20% chez le Chevreuil contre 34% chez le Mouflon. Dans le territoire B, les daims ne se distinguaient pas des chevreuils et des mouflons en ce qui concernait la teneur en matières brutes, tandis que les deux daims examinés dans le territoire B montraient une position intermédiaire entre le Mouflon et le Chevreuil.

     

Osteogenic Potential of Mesenchymal Stem Cells from Adipose Tissue,Bone Marrow and Hair Follicle Outer Root Sheath in a 3D Crosslinked Gelatin-Based Hydrogel

Bone transplantation is regarded as the preferred therapy to treat a variety of bone defects. Autologous bone tissue is often lacking at the source, and the mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) responsible for bone repair mechanisms are extracted by invasive procedures. This study explores the potential of autologous mesenchymal stem cells derived from the hair follicle outer root sheath (MSCORS). We demonstrated that MSCORS have a remarkable capacity to differentiate in vitro towards the osteogenic lineage. Indeed, when combined with a novel gelatin-based hydrogel called Osteogel, they provided additional osteoinductive cues in vitro that may pave the way for future application in bone regeneration. MSCORS were also compared to MSCs from adipose tissue (ADMSC) and bone marrow (BMMSC) in a 3D Osteogel model. We analyzed gel plasticity, cell phenotype, cell viability, and differentiation capacity towards the osteogenic lineage by measuring alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, calcium deposition, and specific gene expression. The novel injectable hydrogel filled an irregularly shaped lesion in a porcine wound model displaying high plasticity. MSCORS in Osteogel showed a higher osteo-commitment in terms of calcium deposition and expression dynamics of OCN, BMP2, and PPARG when compared to ADMSC and BMMSC, whilst displaying comparable cell viability and ALP activity. In conclusion, autologous MSCORS combined with our novel gelatin-based hydrogel displayed a high capacity for differentiation towards the osteogenic lineage and are acquired by non-invasive procedures, therefore qualifying as a suitable and expandable novel approach in the field of bone regeneration therapy.     

Carbon nanotube-dependent synthesis of armchair graphene nanoribbons

Sub-nanometer armchair graphene nanoribbons(GNRs)with moderate band gap have great potential towards novel nanodevices.GNRs can be synthesized in the confined t...     

Starch Derivatives of High Degree of Functionalization. 4. Homogeneous Tritylation of Starch and Subsequent Carboxymethylation

The synthesis of monomethoxytriphenylmethyl (MMtrityl) starch and the subsequent carboxymethylation of the 6‐O‐functionalized products were investigated. The trityIation both in N,N‐dimethylacetamide (DMA)/LiCl and in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) occurred homogeneously. The highest degree of substitution of trityl groups (DS_TrityI) obtained after a single conversion step was 0.77 in both solvents. A complete functionalization of primary OH‐groups was achieved only with unsubstituted triphenylmethyl chloride in these reaction media. In case of monomethoxytriphenylmethyl chloride (MMTMC) as reagent an additional conversion step is necessary to synthesize products with a DS_TrityI = 1. The structure of the products was analyzed by FTIR‐ and ¹³C‐NMR spectroscopy. Subsequent carboxymethylation of the MMtrityl starch samples leads to products with a preferred functionalization of the unprotected secondary OH‐groups. After removal of the trityl moieties, the DS_CM and the distribution of carboxymethyl groups within the anhydroglucose unit was investigated by means of HPLC and ¹H‐NMR spectroscopy. The carboxymethylation was more effective at O‐2 than at O‐3. In case of ether products with DS_Trityl < 1 a partial substitution of the primary OH group took place as well.     

Synthesis of ultrathin rhenium disulfide nanoribbons using nano test tubes

The synthesis of ultrathin rhenium disulfide(ReS₂)nanoribbons within single-walled carbon nanotubes(SWNTs)has been established.Dirhenium decacarbonyl complex is encapsulated into the SWNTs to provide a source of confined rhenium atoms,which readily react with iodine to form discrete nm-sized clusters of rhenium iodide[Re₆l₁₄]^2- embedded in the nanotubes.The final step of the synthesis is accomplished by admitting hydrogen sulfide gas into nano test tubes,yielding twisted nanoribbons of rhenium disulfide encapsulated in carbon nanotubes,ReS₂@SWNTs.The width,structure,and composition of rhenium disulfide nanoribbons are strictly controlled by the extreme confinement of the host-SWNT.A holistic analytical approach combining complementary imaging and analysis methods is used at each synthetic step to elucidate the structure and composition of the guest material and reveal the role of the SWNT contributing towards the electronic interactions with encapsulated inorganic structures.As ReS₂ nanoribbons are expected to retain the electronic properties of the bulk material,such as direct bandgap,the low dimensional form of this material can be of interest for use in nanoscale electronic devices.     

Development and evaluation of methods for determining the pattern of functionalization in sodium carboxymethylcelluloses

Sodium carboxymethylcellulose (NaCMC) with varying degrees of substitution (DS) was investigated with different analytical methods in order to characterize the functional group distribution. The following methods were tested and adapted: high-resolution ¹³C NMR spectroscopy in the solid state (¹³C CP/MAS NMR) and ¹³C NMR spectroscopy on solutions of NaCMC samples with a reduced molar mass. Partial degradation was accomplished by ultrasonic means and with the enzyme endoglucanase. Combining the two techniques resulted in the greatest reduction in molar mass and hence in the best spectral resolution. Analysis of the NaCMC fragments following ultrasonic and/or endoglucanase degradation also reveals another interesting experimental finding. It appears that ultrasonic degradation is favored at unsubstituted areas near the center of the chain. These methods were compared with the following already familiar techniques of analysis: titrimetric techniques; ¹³C and ¹H NMR spectroscopy as well as HPLC on completely hydrolysed solutions (hydrolysis with perchloric acid, trifluoroacetic acid and sulfuric acid). All of the methods characterize the samples as a series with increasing DS, the values of which range from 0.9 to 2.4. Methods that permit analysis of the partial degree of substitution produced the distribution x₂ > x₆ > x₃. Therefore, they are in principle suited for determining the functionalization pattern of the NaCMC samples relative to one another. The most suitable method can therefore be selected according to the objectives and the apparatus available. However, the measured values do exhibit considerable spread, variances of approx. 20%, thus, place restrictions on using the values of DS or x_i in absolute comparisons beyond these methods.     

Biomimetic Hydroxyapatite Crystallization in Gelatin Nanoparticles Synthesized Using a Miniemulsion Process

Here, we report a novel biomimetic strategy to synthesize hydroxyapatite (HAP) inside of crosslinked gelatin nanoparticles, which serve as a nanoenvironment for crystal growth in the aqueous phase. The synthesis of gelatin nanoparticles with the inverse miniemulsion technique is very intriguing because of the flexibility offered by the technique in tailoring the properties of the gelatin nanoparticles. It can be shown that the nanoenvironment promotes a different growth environment for the crystal because of the confinement inside the particle. The formation of HAP inside the particles follows Ostwald's rule of stages. At first an amorphous phase is formed, which itself has a great potential to be used as a resorbable bone substitute. This further transforms into single crystalline HAP via an octacalcium phosphate intermediate. The solution‐mediated transformation into the HAP phase without any calcination step is studied in detail using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) measurements.