The Role of the Resin Matrix/Hardener Ratio on the Mechanical Properties of Low Volume Fraction Epoxy Composites

The mechanical performance of composite materials is usually associated with the properties of their reinforcement. However the matrix materials also play an important role as is the case for thermoset resin matrix composites which can be designed for specific applications by properly changing the polymer used as matrix. The mechanical, physical and chemical properties of the polymer matrix can be tailored by changing the processing conditions and the type and amount of the chemical substance used as hardener. In this work an investigation was carried out on the variation of the mechanical properties of two composites of large commercial applications as a function of the resin matrix formulation. The mechanical properties of the matrix where modified by varying the amount of hardener. Experimental results showed that it is possible to considerably vary the performance of low volume fraction composites by the proper processing of the matrix. In particular, it was observed that a significant change on the deformability of the composites can be obtained. Micromechanics equations were used to explain the experimental trends observed.     

Conversion of aqueous extracts from thermochemical treatment of bagasse into functional emulsifiers

Synthetic emulsifiers in food industries are being replaced with a customer-friendly food ingredient that is derived from biomass using sustainable green technologies. After hydrothermal liquefaction treatment, raw bagasse (21%), pith (26%), and rind portions (25%) were obtained with reduced ash contents. As aqueous extracts, with oligosaccharides and lignin residues, it was used in the preparation of oil-in-water emulsions with 5% soybean oil. Results showed that the emulsions stabilised the oil droplets with particle size between 11 and 17 µm by steric repulsion with raw bagasse-stabilised emulsion showing a better stability at 25 °C (31 days). It was demonstrated that raw bagasse extracts, without alteration, maybe a potential unconventional source for food-grade emulsifiers by integrating a versatile thermochemical conversion of waste without the use of chemicals.     

Analysis and direct quantification of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Hanseniaspora guilliermondii populations during alcoholic fermentation by fluorescence in situ hybridization, flow cytometry and quantitative PCR

Traditionally, it was assumed that non-Saccharomyces (NS) yeasts could only survive in the early stages of alcoholic fermentations. However, recent studies applying culture-independent methods have shown that NS populations persist throughout the fermentation process. The aim of the present work was to analyze and quantify Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Sc) and Hanseniaspora guilliermondii (Hg) populations during alcoholic fermentations by plating and culture-independent methods, such as fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and quantitative PCR (QPCR). Species-specific FISH probes labeled with fluorescein (FITC) were used to directly hybridize Sc and Hg cells from single and mixed cultures that were enumerated by epifluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry. Static and agitated fermentations were performed in synthetic grape juice and cell density as well as sugar consumption and ethanol production were determined throughout fermentations. Cell density values obtained by FISH and QPCR revealed the presence of high populations (10⁷–10⁸ cells/ml) of Sc and Hg throughout fermentations. Plate counts of both species did not show significant differences with culture-independent results in pure cultures. However, during mixed fermentations Hg lost its culturability after 4–6 days, while Sc remained culturable (about 10⁸ cells/ml) throughout the entire fermentation (up to 10 days). The rRNA content of cells during mixed fermentations was also analyzed by flow cytometry in combination with FISH probes. The fluorescence intensity conferred by the species-specific FISH probes was considerably lower for Hg than for Sc. Moreover, the rRNA content of Hg cells, conversely to Sc cells, remained almost unchanged after boiling, which showed that rRNA stability is species-dependent.     

The influence of galactomannans with different amount of galactose side chains on the gelation of soy proteins at neutral pH

The influence of diverse galactomannans, differing mainly on the degree of branching (amount of galactose side chains along the main mannan backbone), on the heat-induced gelation of soybean proteins at pH 7, was investigated using dynamic oscillatory rheological measurements at low strain amplitude and microstructural analysis by confocal laser scanning microscopy. Rheological tests were performed during gel formation, induced by either isothermal heating or by heating/cooling at a constant rate. Two different protein concentrations were analysed, one in the vicinity of the critical gel conditions and the other corresponding to a well developed gel, whereas the galactomannan concentration ranged from 0 to 0.5%. The presence of the galactomannan promoted the gelation to occur for protein concentration below the critical gelation of soybean proteins alone, decreased the gelling temperature and had a positive effect on the gel strength of the heat-induced gels. These effects were more pronounced as the degree of branching decreases. The consequence of demixing and phase separation was dependent on biopolymer concentration and galactomannan branching, resulting in an array of microstructures, spanning emulsion-like, bicontinuous and aggregated morphologies. Structure development within the galactomannan-rich phases, dependent on the branching degree and on the capability of the galactomannan for self-association, may have played a role in the phase separation and viscoelasticity of the final gels. It was demonstrated that by using soybean proteins and galactomannan mixtures at above phase separation concentrations and controlling the polymer concentration and the length of the unsubstituted polysaccharide backbone, tailor-made viscoelasticities and microstructures can be obtained with useful applications in food formulation.     

Effects of supplemental progesterone after artificial insemination on expression of interferon-stimulated genes and fertility in dairy cows

The objectives of the current study were to evaluate the effects of supplemental progesterone after artificial insemination (AI) on expression of IFN-stimulated genes (ISG) in blood leukocytes and fertility in lactating dairy cows. Weekly cohorts of Holstein cows were blocked by parity (575 primiparous and 923 multiparous) and method of insemination (timed AI or AI on estrus) and allocated randomly within each block to untreated controls, a controlled internal drug release (CIDR) containing 1.38 g of progesterone from d 4 to 18 after AI (CIDR4), or a CIDR on d 4 and another on d 7 after AI and both removed on d 18 (CIDR4+7). Blood was sampled to quantify progesterone concentrations in plasma and mRNA expression in leukocytes for the ubiquitin-like IFN-stimulated gene 15-kDa protein (ISG15) and receptor transporter protein-4 (RTP4) genes. Pregnancy was diagnosed on d 34 ± 3 and 62 ± 3 after AI. Treatment increased progesterone concentrations between d 5 and 18 after AI in a dose-dependent manner (control = 3.42, CIDR4 = 4.97, and CIDR4+7 = 5.46 ng/mL). Cows supplemented with progesterone tended to have increased luteolysis by d 19 after AI (control = 17.2; CIDR4 = 29.1; CIDR4+7 = 30.2%), which resulted in a shorter AI interval for those reinseminated after study d 18. Pregnancy upregulated expression of ISG in leukocytes on d 19 of gestation, but supplementing progesterone did not increase mRNA abundance for ISG15 and RTP4 on d 16 after insemination and tended to reduce mRNA expression on d 19 after AI. For RTP4 on d 19, the negative effect of supplemental progesterone was observed only in the nonpregnant cows. No overall effect of treatment was observed on pregnancy per AI on d 62 after insemination and averaged 28.6, 32.7, and 29.5% for control, CIDR4, and CIDR4+7, respectively. Interestingly, an interaction between level of supplemental progesterone and method of AI was observed for pregnancy per AI. For cows receiving exogenous progesterone, the lower supplementation with CIDR4 increased pregnancy per AI on d 62 in cows inseminated following timed AI (CIDR4 = 39.2; CIDR4+7 = 27.5%); in those inseminated following detection of estrus, however, the use of a second insert on d 7 resulted in greater pregnancy per AI (CIDR4 = 26.9; CIDR4+7 = 31.5%). Pregnancy loss did not differ among treatments. Supplemental progesterone post-AI using a single intravaginal insert on d 4 was beneficial to pregnancy in cows inseminated following timed AI, but incremental progesterone with a second insert on d 7 did not improve fertility of dairy cows.     

Association of blood calcium concentration in the first 3 days after parturition and energy balance metabolites at day 3 in milk with disease and production outcomes in multiparous Jersey cows

Research exploring specific associations of markers of negative energy balance and Ca in postpartum Jersey cows with lactation performance is lacking. Our objectives were to evaluate the associations of total Ca concentration (tCa) measured at 1 through 3 d in milk (DIM) and free fatty acids (FFA), β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), and glucose measured at 3 DIM with (1) the risk of multiparous Jersey cows being diagnosed with early-lactation diseases and culling, (2) milk production in the first 9 wk of lactation, and (3) the risk of pregnancy in the first 150 DIM. A cohort study was performed in 1 dairy herd in Texas. Multivariable Poisson regression models were built to evaluate the association of the analytes of interest with the risks of early-lactation diseases and culling in the first 60 DIM (i.e., binary outcomes). Linear mixed models were used to evaluate the association of the analytes of interest with milk production within the first 9 wk of lactation, and a Cox proportional hazard model was built to assess the risk of pregnancy within 150 DIM. A total of 380 cows were used in the final analyses. Total Ca measured at 1 through 3 DIM was not associated with the risk of metritis. Cows with increased FFA and BHB had an increased risk of being diagnosed with metritis and clinical mastitis, respectively. Increased concentrations of glucose and FFA and decreased tCa at 3 DIM were associated with an increased risk of culling. Reduced tCa concentrations at 1 DIM (≤1.84 mmol/L) and 2 DIM (≤2.04 mmol/L) were associated with increased milk production across the first 9 wk of lactation compared with tCa concentrations above those thresholds. Total Ca was not associated with milk production when assessed at 3 DIM, whereas increased FFA (≥0.37 mmol/L) and decreased glucose (≤2.96 mmol/L) at 3 DIM were associated with increased milk production. None of the metabolites measured were associated with the risk of pregnancy in the first 150 DIM. Our results demonstrate that tCa concentration assessed in the first 3 DIM show temporary associations with milk production and culling in multiparous Jersey cows. Although increased concentration of FFA assessed at 3 DIM was associated with greater milk yield, it was a detrimental factor for the risk of metritis. This study attempted to better elucidate the relationship of tCa, FFA, BHB, and glucose assessed in early postpartum with health and performance of Jersey cows. Based on this study, assessments performed at 3 DIM using tCa concentration ≤1.99 mmol/L for increased risk of early-lactation culling and FFA ≥0.43 mmol/L for increased risk of metritis could be used as starting points. More studies evaluating the dynamics of energy balance markers and tCa in postpartum Jersey cows using a greater number of herds are needed to better inform dairy consultants on critical levels for exacerbated postpartum negative energy balance and subclinical hypocalcemia for the Jersey breed.