PRODUCTION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF THE CASHEW APPLE (ANACARDIUM OCCIDENTALE L.) AND GUAVA (PSIDIUM GUAJAVA L.) FRUIT POWDERS

Cashew apple and guava residues from fruit juice processing industry were prepared as dehydrated fruit powders. Differences in compositional and physicochemical characteristics between both fruit powders were significant at the 5% probability level, with exception to ash content. It is important to point out that despite the dehydration process, both samples can still be considered good sources of vitamin C. In addition, the results show that the guava and cashew apple powders may be useful in the food industry as high dietary "fiber ingredients." Higher lipid (14.05%) content was observed in guava powder. The guava powder could be an alternative source of lipid. The data also indicated that these materials are good sources of ash. The results suggest further utilization of these residues as valuable food ingredients or as a resource for nutraceuticals.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Large quantity of agro-industrial residues formed by fruit juice extraction represents a major disposal problem. An alternative to recycling the fruit-industrial residue is to submit it to drying processes and transform into value-added products as dehydrated fruit powder. In this way, this process contributes to diminish the problem and to recover valuable biomass and nutrients. The purpose of this study was to develop a technology to obtain guava and cashew apple powders with the objective of finding alternatives to the exploitation of these residues as valuable sources of vitamin C, as ashes and lipid that should also be regarded as potential nutraceutical resources in future or functional ingredients.     

氮气流量对磁控溅射法沉积NGZO薄膜性能的影响

目的通过磁控溅射镀膜工艺,在玻璃上制备高质量的氮镓共掺杂氧化锌(NGZO)薄膜。方法采用射频磁控溅射法,同时通入氩气和氮气,在流量比分别为25/10、25/20、25/25、25/30((m L/min)/(m L/min))条件下制备NGZO薄膜。通过XRD和SEM对薄膜的物相结构和表面形貌进行分析,通过紫外/可见分光光度计和霍尔效应测试仪对薄膜透过率和载流子浓度、迁移率及薄膜电阻率进行研究。结果与未掺入N的Ga掺杂氧化锌(GZO)薄膜相比,在可见光区,尤其是600~800 nm范围内,NGZO薄膜平均透过率在80%以上,符合透明导电薄膜透过率的要求。GZO薄膜载流子浓度较高,电阻率较低,而掺入N后薄膜的载流子浓度和迁移率有所下降,电阻率有所增加。结论在N-Ga共掺杂薄膜中,N的掺杂主要占据O空位,并吸引空位周围的电子,这减小了薄膜晶格畸变,并产生电子空穴,最终使得薄膜中电子载流子浓度降低,空穴载流子浓度增加,电阻率有所增加。随着氮气流量的变化,发现在25 m L/min时,薄膜具有最佳的综合性能。这种薄膜可用于紫外光探测器等需较大电阻率的应用中,并有望实现n-p型转化。     

基于软件无线电的GNSS干扰和多径监测系统设计

针对干扰和多径导致全球导航卫星系统(GNSS)不能精确、安全和可靠地提供位置、速度和时间服务等问题,分析了研制GNSS干扰和多径监测系统的意义,介绍了当前干扰和多径常用的检测方法,设计了一套针对当前四大导航系统(美国GPS、俄罗斯GLONASS、欧盟Galileo和中国BDS)各信号带内以及附近频率的干扰和多径监测系统.系统基于软件无线电(SDR)思想,采用模块化设计,具有良好的功能扩展性和配置灵活性.根据不同干扰的特点,结合实际应用改进了其检测算法:采用能量阈值法检测不同形式的压制式干扰,采用基于捕获多相关峰法判别欺骗式干扰,采取基于最大似然准则的多径估计延迟锁定环(MEDLL)技术估计多径信号的参数.实验结果表明系统能够有效检测各种干扰和多径信号的存在,使用户获取其特征参数,为干扰源的定位、查处、排除、规避以及多径信号的抑制提供决策依据.     

汽车零部件表面强化技术研究现状及展望

在传统渗碳、渗氮及表面淬火工艺的汽车零部件表面强化技术基础上,简单综述了传统工艺在汽车零部件表面强化上应用的工艺优缺点及研究现状,重点阐述了新型表面形变强化、高能束流表面强化、表面冶金强化、表面复合强化及表面纳米强化的汽车零部件表面强化技术,详细介绍了目前广泛使用的新型表面形变强化中的喷丸强化工艺、高能束流表面强化中的激光表面淬火与电子束表面淬火工艺及表面冶金强化中等离子喷涂工艺的技术特点和应用现状,分析了国内外汽车零部件表面复合强化技术和表面纳米强化技术的工艺特点和研究现状,尤其是将表面复合强化技术中的传统工艺与传统工艺、传统工艺与新型工艺、新型工艺与新型工艺的多种复合工艺的相互结合及QPQ盐浴复合处理技术在汽车零部件表面强化上的应用,最后展望了未来汽车零部件表面强化技术的发展方向。     

基于测后模拟原理的半波长输电线路暂态量纵联保护

针对特高压半波长超长的输电距离带来的继电保护难题,提出基于测后模拟原理的半波长输电线路暂态量纵联保护方法。特高压半波长交流输电具有传输距离远、输送容量大、全线无功自平衡等优点,可以作为未来清洁能源电力输送的一种可选方案。通过分析现有输电线路保护方法对于半波长交流输电线路的不适用性,对特高压半波长输电线路在区内外故障情况下,推导至中点的暂态量电流和的绝对值在短时窗内积分方向的不同进行理论分析;以贝杰龙模型为基础,利用测后模拟原理构成输电线路暂态量纵联保护方法,进行仿真实验;进而判别输电线路单相接地故障时故障初始角、故障位置和过渡电阻对故障判据的影响。仿真实验证明,此方法构成的保护计算精度高,相较于工频量构成的保护其动作速度更快且几乎不受过渡电阻、故障距离及故障初始角变化的影响,理论分析与实际的仿真结果相一致。     

生态安全背景下的城市生态建设再思考

快速城市化伴随各类环境污染、生物多样性质量下降、生态系统服务功能退化、疾病蔓延等城市问题,直接威胁着城市生态安全乃至人类生命健康。基于对“生态”一词源流与内涵的梳理,倡导汲取传统生态智慧,运用“生命观、动态观、系统观”辨析和破解城市生态建设及管理方法中存在的问题与误区。结合上海生态实践,通过营建以乡土植物和土著动物为主体的近自然型城市生命地标,创造健康安全且富有韧性的城市人居环境,实现人与自然的和谐共生。     

差动汇流环制造工艺与质量控制

汇流环装置作为雷达的一个有机组成部分,起着重要的作用.差动汇流环是汇流环中的一种特殊形式,它具有结构紧凑、轴向尺寸小、传递信号多等优点,因其传动系统为一差动轮系而得名,被广泛应用于各种车载、地面测控、舰载测控等雷达设备中.文中介绍了差动汇流环在制造工艺设计与质量控制方面,为保证其使用可靠性而采取的措施与实施要点.     

Drugs and immunity: cannabinoids and their role in decreased resistance to infectious disease

Marijuana, Cannabis sativa, elicits a variety of effects in experimental animals and humans. Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is the major psychoactive component in marijuana. This substance has been shown, also, to be immunosuppressive and to decrease host resistance to bacterial, protozoan, and viral infections. Macrophages, T lymphocytes, and natural killer cells appear to be major targets of the immunosuppressive effects of THC. Definitive data which directly link marijuana use to increased susceptibility to infection in humans currently is unavailable. However, cumulative reports indicating that THC alters resistance to infection in vitro and in a variety of experimental animals support the hypothesis that a similar effect occurs in humans.     

Detection and characterization of the electron paramagnetic resonance-silent glutathionyl-5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide adduct derived from redox cycling of phenoxyl radicals in model systems and HL-60 cells

Rapidly growing knowledge about the nature and behaviour of breast cancer has led to many treatment modalities. Consequently, the possibilities of individualizing the treatment of breast cancer increase. The major tool for the determination of an optimal treatment plan is the estimation of the extent of the disease: in other words, staging. As a consequence, together with the expected result of the treatment, the stage of the disease gives information on the prognosis of the patient. Current staging systems insufficiently describe the clinically important features of breast cancer with respect to management and outcome: local and regional extent, invasiveness, aggressiveness, the state of dissemination, and the effectiveness of different treatment modalities. For staging of the local and regional extent, histology plays a prominent role and should be incorporated in future staging systems. Histological workup therefore needs standardisation. Histological parameters as tumour size, grade, nodal status, and vascular invasion are also the most important prognostic factors. Many so-called biological prognostic factors are related to the invasiveness and aggressiveness (metastatic potential) of the tumour, and therefore to the prognosis of the patient. However, these factors do not necessarily predict the effectiveness of certain systemic treatments. Only if the biological foundation of a prognostic factor is completely clarified can treatment be based on this knowledge, and the factor will become a predictor for the treatment effect. Many "biological" prognostic factors do not fulfil this main criterion and are therefore not useful for clinical decision making. A clinically useful staging system covers three primary aims: (1) to guide locoregional treatment, (2) to prognosticate the chance of survival, and (3) to indicate who needs what kind of adjuvant treatment. For the conception of a new staging system the following steps should be taken: standardization of all aspects of histology, identification of regional nodal involvement, and validation of prognostic factors with respect to their predictive value to treatment outcome.