用振动针-盘试验装置研究贵金属电接触合金中硫的表面集聚

用振动针-盘试验装置研究了金基合金(ASTM B541)和钯基合金(ASTM B540)偶的摩擦与接触电阻。测量分别在控制气氛为1大气压的干燥氦气,干燥二氧化碳和干燥空气,以及没有润滑的条件下进行。在后两种气氛中,振动初期的合金的摩擦系数很高,其后随振动次数增加而降到接近于0.2的稳定值。干燥氦气氛时的摩擦数据更不稳定。合金的摩擦系数对其接触表面的性能的敏感性比接触电阻低得多。在上述三种气氛时,振动开始时的合金的电阻一般都在1-10mΩ之间,随后通常会升高三个数量级,但此过程的重现性差,因为接触电阻波动很大是常见现象。虽然发现了电极化现象,但是由于接触电阻变化太大,以致未能鉴别它的作用。采用扫描俄歇显微镜及氩离子束溅射法,分析了磨痕表面成分及形态特征。分析发现:在三种气氛下形成的磨痕表面都有6nm厚的表面膜,膜的成分为S,Ag,Cu,C,O和Pd,Pd是以碎屑的形式从针上转移来的,表面膜中的S可能是以Ag和Cu的硫化物形式存在。接触电阻升高的动摩擦系数降低都可归因于磨痕表面生成硫化膜。     

Ti-15-3:一种新的可冷成形的板材钛合金

Ti—15V—3Cr—3Al—3Sn(简称Ti—15—3)是一种新的亚稳定β板材合金,用于要求冷成形和高强度的地方。Ti—15—3当初是由美国空军研制的,现已成为某些航空构件的标准材料,同时,在其它部门亦是强有力的选材对象。原始的想法是发展一种经济的、能够冷加工成形的板材钛合金,以便降低加工制造成本,减轻现场维修工作量。这种想法实现了。与必须在手控轧机上热轧的现行α-β合金相比,Ti—15—3合金因可以加工成带材而显示出成本上的优点。如果说α-β合金在大多数情况下还需要热成形的话,Ti—15—3却能冷成形到相当复杂的形状。此外,该合金是可焊接的,可以时效处理到高强度,对盐水等环境比较不敏感。最后,Ti—15—3呈现出较低的方向性,其退火态性能对工艺参数不甚敏感。     

Study on bioleaching of primary chalcopyrite ore with thermoacidophilic archae

A high temperature-tolerating thermoacidophilic archae （TA） was isolated from water samples collected from a hot sulfur-containing spring in the Yunnan Province, China, and was used in bioleaching experiments of a low-grade chalcopyrite ore. The TA grow at temperatures ranging from 40 to 80℃, with 65℃ being the optimum temperature, and at pH values of l.5 to 4.0, with an optimum pH value of 2.0. The bioleaching experiments of the chalcvpyrite ore were conducted in both laboratory batch bioreactors and leaching columns. The results obtained from the bioreactor experiments showed that the TA bioleaching rate of copper reached 97% for a 12-day leaching period, while the bioleaching rate was 32.43% for thiobacillus ferrooxidans （Tf） leaching for the same leaching time. In the case of column leaching, tests of a two-phase leaching （196 days）, that is, a two-month （56 days） Tf leaching in the first phase, followed by a 140-day TA leaching in the second phase were performed. The average leaching rate of copper achieved for the 140-day TA leaching was 195mg/（L.d）, while for the control experiments, it was as low as 78mg/（L .d） for the Tf leaching, indicating that the TA possesses a more powerful oxidizing ability to the chalcopyrite than Tf Therefore, it is suggested that the two-phase leaching process be applied to .for the heap leaching operations, whereas, the TA can be used in the second phase when the temperature inside the heap has increased, and the primary copper sulfide minerals have already been partially oxidized with Tf beforehand in the first phase.     

钛与锆在化学环境中的应用

作为在恶劣环境条件下使用的抗腐蚀材料钛和锆,在工业中发挥着越来越大的作用。本文总结了它们在各种环境下的应用,并根据钛和锆的机械和抗腐蚀性能集中讨论了一些有可能得以应用的新领域。     

THE PREPARATION AND CHARACTERISTICS STUDY OF TiNxOy SPECTRAL SELECTIVE ABSORBING FILM BY MAGNETRON SPUTTERING

Spectral selective absorbent film is a crucial factor for the solar heating device. There are many kinds of spectral selective absorbing film made by different ways. TiNxOy thin film with excellent spectral selecting absobent property were successfully prepared by DC magnetron sputtering with Ar as working gas, N2 and O2 as reactive gas, 99.9% titanium as the target and is copper slice as the substrate. In this article, the optical characteristics and microstructure of TiNxOy thin film were studied. Inputing O2 can decrease the reflection of the visible lights, and double layer film can get good absorption for solar energy.     

Functionalized carbon nanotubes: properties and applications

Carbon nanotubes can be functionalized via amidation and esterification of the nanotube-bound carboxylic acids. The solubility of these functionalized carbon nanotubes makes it possible to characterize and study the properties of carbon nanotubes using solution-based techniques. Representative results concerning the solubility, dispersion, defunctionalization, and optical properties of the functionalized carbon nanotubes are presented. Several examples for the use of functionalized carbon nanotubes in the fabrication of polymeric carbon nanocomposites, the probing of nanotube-molecule interactions, and the conjugation with biological species are highlighted and discussed.     

六六六生产中异构体分配的控制

六六六生产中异构体分配的控制采用下法实验: 实验方法实验使用两种仪器装置:用过量的苯作溶剂时,采用500毫升三口烧瓶,装有搅拌器、温度计、气体进口及取试料口。一或二个100瓦Mazda灯,125瓦Hanovia灯,或400瓦AH-1灯作光源。改变灯与反应器的距离,或在固定的距离下改变电压,以加强或减弱光的照度,进行试验。不含硫茂的苯(熔点5.5℃)200克放入烧瓶中,反应系统用氮充分洗涤。开灯,用水浴调节温度,由少量氮(0.05克分子/小时)稀释的氯通过流量计(0.2～0.4克/分     

Synthetic applications of nonmetal catalysts for homogeneous oxidations

Nonmetal oxidation catalysts have gained much attention in recent years. The reason for this surge in activity is 2-fold: On one hand, a number of such catalysts has become readily accessible; on the other hand, such catalysts are quite resistant toward self-oxidation and compatible under aerobic and aqueous reaction conditions. In this review, we have focused on five nonmetal catalytic systems which have attained prominence in the oxidation field in view of their efficacy and their potential for future development; stoichiometric cases have been mentioned to provide overview and scope. Such nonmetal oxidation catalysts include the alpha-halo carbonyl compounds 1, ketones 2, imines 3, iminium salts 4, and nitroxyl radicals 5. In combination with a suitable oxygen source (H2O2, KHSO5, NaOCl), these catalysts serve as precursors to the corresponding oxidants, namely, the perhydrates I, dioxiranes II, oxaziridines III, oxaziridinium ions IV, and finally oxoammonium ions V. A few of the salient features about these nonmetal, catalytic systems shall be reiterated in this summary. The first class entails the alpha-halo ketones, which catalyze the oxidation of a variety of organic substrates [figure: see text] by hydrogen peroxide as the oxygen source. The perhydrates I, formed in situ by the addition of hydrogen peroxide to the alpha-halo ketones, are quite strong electrophilic oxidants and expectedly transfer an oxygen atom to diverse nucleophilic acceptors. Thus, alpha-halo ketones have been successfully employed for catalytic epoxidation, heteroatom (S, N) oxidation, and arene oxidation. Although high diastereoselectivities have been achieved by these nonmetal catalysts, no enantioselective epoxidation and sulfoxidation have so far been reported. Consequently, it is anticipated that catalytic oxidations by perhydrates hold promise for further development, especially, and should ways be found to transfer the oxygen atom enantioselectively. The second class, namely, the dioxiranes, has been extensively used during the last two decades as a convenient oxidant in organic synthesis. These powerful and versatile oxidizing agents are readily available from the appropriate ketones by their treatment [figure: see text] with potassium monoperoxysulfate. The oxidations may be performed either under stoichiometric or catalytic conditions; the latter mode of operation is featured in this review. In this case, a variety of structurally diverse ketones have been shown to catalyze the dioxirane-mediated epoxidation of alkenes by monoperoxysulfate as the oxygen source. By employing chiral ketones, highly enantioselective (up to 99% ee) epoxidations have been developed, of which the sugar-based ketones are so far the most effective. Reports on catalytic oxidations by dioxiranes other than epoxidations are scarce; nevertheless, fructose-derived ketones have been successfully employed as catalysts for the enantioselective CH oxidation in vic diols to afford the corresponding optically active alpha-hydroxy ketones. To date, no catalytic asymmetric sulfoxidations by dioxiranes appear to have been documented in the literature, an area of catalytic dioxirane chemistry that merits attention. A third class is the imines; their reaction with hydrogen peroxide or monoperoxysulfate affords oxaziridines. These relatively weak electrophilic oxidants only manage to oxidize electron-rich substrates such as enolates, silyl enol ethers, sulfides, selenides, and amines; however, the epoxidation of alkenes has been achieved with activated oxaziridines produced from perfluorinated imines. Most of the oxidations by in-situ-generated oxaziridines have been performed stoichiometrically, with the exception of sulfoxidations. When chiral imines are used as catalysts, optically active sulfoxides are obtained in good ee values, a catalytic asymmetric oxidation by oxaziridines that merits further exploration. The fourth class is made up by the iminium ions, which with monoperoxysulfate lead to the corresponding oxaziridinium ions, structurally similar to the above oxaziridine oxidants except they possess a much more strongly electrophilic oxygen atom due to the positively charged ammonium functionality. Thus, oxaziridinium ions effectively execute besides sulfoxidation and amine oxidation the epoxidation of alkenes under catalytic conditions. As expected, chiral iminium salts catalyze asymmetric epoxidations; however, only moderate enantioselectivities have been obtained so far. Although asymmetric sulfoxidation has been achieved by using stoichiometric amounts of isolated optically active oxaziridinium salts, iminium-ion-catalyzed asymmetric sulf-oxidations have not been reported to date, which offers attractive opportunities for further work. The fifth and final class of nonmetal catalysts concerns the stable nitroxyl-radical derivatives such as TEMPO, which react with the common oxidizing agents (sodium hypochlorite, monoperoxysulfate, peracids) to generate oxoammonium ions. The latter are strong oxidants that chemoselectively and efficiently perform the CH oxidation in alcohols to produce carbonyl compounds rather than engage in the transfer of their oxygen atom to the substrate. Consequently, oxoammonium ions behave quite distinctly compared to the previous four classes of oxidants in that their catalytic activity entails formally a dehydrogenation, one of the few effective nonmetal-based catalytic transformations of alcohols to carbonyl products. Since less than 1 mol% of nitroxyl radical is required to catalyze the alcohol oxidation by the inexpensive sodium hypochlorite as primary oxidant under mild reaction conditions, this catalytic process holds much promise for future practical applications.     

将废PFT转变成有用的聚氨酯多元醇

将这种芳族多元醇用在聚氨酯和聚异氰脲酸酯配方中能制得含少量阻燃剂、性能达到规定火焰扩散速率的泡沫系统。通过应用证明:回收 PET 作原料是可靠而稳定的。将处理后的 PET 废料再作为原料。最初是出于生态学角度考虑,只要经济效益明显,回收 PET 作为聚氨酯多元醇的新原料是完全符合逻辑的。     

Olfactory Responses of Banana Weevil Predators to Volatiles from Banana Pseudostem Tissue and Synthetic Pheromone

As a response to attack by herbivores, plants can emit a variety of volatile substances that attract natural enemies of these insect pests. Predators of the banana weevil, Cosmopolites sordidus (Germar) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) such as Dactylosternum abdominale (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae) and Pheidole megacephala (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), are normally found in association with weevil-infested rotten pseudostems and harvested stumps. We investigated whether these predators are attracted to such environments in response to volatiles produced by the host plant, by the weevil, or by the weevil–plant complex. We evaluated predator responses towards volatiles from banana pseudostem tissue (synomones) and the synthetic banana weevil aggregation pheromone Cosmolure+ in a two-choice olfactometer. The beetle D. abdominale was attracted to fermenting banana pseudostem tissue and Cosmolure+, whereas the ant P. megacephala was attracted only to fermented pseudostem tissue. Both predators were attracted to banana pseudostem tissue that had been damaged by weevil larvae irrespective of weevil presence. Adding pheromone did not enhance predator response to volatiles from pseudostem tissue fed on by weevils. The numbers of both predators recovered with pseudostem traps in the field from banana mats with a pheromone trap were similar to those in pseudostem traps at different distance ranges from the pheromone. Our study shows that the generalist predators D. abdominale and P. megacephala use volatiles from fermented banana pseudostem tissue as the major chemical cue when searching for prey.