20-nm optical wavelength conversion using nondegenerate four-wavemixing

Wavelength conversion of optical signals over 20 nm is demonstrated using highly nondegenerate four-wave mixing in a semiconductor traveling-wave optical amplifier. This technique has the potential for extremely-high-speed operation and allows continuous tuning of both input and output wavelengths over the amplifier gain bandwidth. It is demonstrated that, even for such a large wavelength conversion range, it is possible to obtain conversion efficiencies in excess of -10 dB and high extinction ratios. The feasibility of the technique is demonstrated by system measurements at 622 Mb/s, showing a 1.1-dB power penalty at 10^-9 bit error rate (BER)     

Plasmid DNA strand breaks induced by laser irradiation of 193 nm wavelength

DNA of plasmid pBR322 irradiated with laser at a wavelength of 193 mm was treated with an extract containing proteins from E.coli K12 AB1157 (wild-type). The enzymes were found to produce single- and double-strand DNA breaks, which was interpreted as a transformation of a portion of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers and (6-4) photoproducts into nonrepairable single-strand DNA breaks. The products resulted from ionization of DNA, in particular, single-strand breaks, transform to double-strand breaks. A comparison of these data with the data on survival of plasmid upon transformation of E.coli K12 AB1157 enables one to assess the biological significance of single- and double-strand breaks. The inactivation of the plasmid (in AB1157) is mainly determined by the number of directly formed laser-induced single-strand breaks, whereas the contribution of enzymatically produced single- and double-strand breaks is insignificant.     

Shear horizontal wave propagation in periodically layeredcomposites

The transverse resonance approach to guided wave analysis is applied to shear horizontal (SH) wave propagation in periodically layered composites. It is found for SH waves that at high values of the guided wavevector β, the wave energy is trapped in the slower of the two media and propagates accordingly at the slower wavespeed. At low values of β, however, the modes demonstrate a clustering behavior, indicative of the underlying Floquet wave structure. The number of modes in a cluster is observed to correlate with the number of unit cells in the layered plate. New physical insights into the behavior of these systems are obtained by analyzing the partial waves of the guided SH modes in terms of Floquet waves. We show that the fast and slow shear waves in the periodically layered composite play an analogous role to the longitudinal and shear partial waves comprising Lamb waves in a homogeneous plate     

Peer drug associations and emotional restraint: Causes or consequences of adolescents' drug use?

A 3-wave longitudinal design was used to examine the relationships among emotional restraint, peer drug associations, and gateway drug use in a sample of 1,256 middle school students. Structural equation modeling was used to compare 3 models: (1) One model viewed drug use as a consequence of emotional restraint and peer variables; (2) 1 viewed drug use as a cause of restraint and peer variables; and (3) 1 included reciprocal effects. All 3 models fit the data fairly well. However, the reciprocal model fit the data significantly better than either of the others. Within this model, low emotional restraint was significantly related to subsequent increases in gateway drug use among boys. In contrast, peer drug models and peer pressure were not related to subsequent changes in gateway drug use. Changes in peer drug models were, however, predicted by previous levels of gateway drug use. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

A high-speed gateable image pipeline

We present the performance of a high-speed gateable vacuum image pipeline, which permits individual images to be delayed and selected from continuous non-repetitive image stream. This device is composed of a vacuum tube equipped with a photocathode at one end, a phosphor screen at the other end, and a system of metal grids in between. Photoelectrons produced by the images focused on the photocathode, are guided by a uniform magnetic field, parallel to the tube axis. By changing the grid potentials, the drift time of the photoelectrons inside the tube can be varied from 0.35 to 1.5 μs. An image can then be selected by an external trigger with a time resolution in the range of 4–30 ns, depending on the delay time. The selected photoelectrons are finally accelerated onto the phosphor screen, set at 10 kV, where they reproduce the desired image. With a magnetic field of 0.1 T, a spatial resolution of 33 lp/mm was obtained. The high spatial and time resolution make this device an interesting tool for high-energy physics and astrophysics experiments, and for high-speed photography.     

The morphological stability of lateral growth in solid-solid phase transformation during thin-film interdiffusion in Al/Cu bimetal films

This article describes the phenomenon of morphological instability in solid-solid phase transformations during thin-film interdiffusion, specifically related to the initial stages of precipitation when phase growth occurs along the interface between thin films. The experimental observations that revealed this effect will be presented, and a working hypothesis will be discussed. Experimental observations suggest that the ledge mechanism of growth is present in this system but does not inhibit the formation of interfacial instabilities. It is proposed that morphological stability for solid-phase growth occurring during thin-film interdiffusion can be treated by the inclusion of a solute-source term into the two-dimensional perturbation approach generally used to study unstable growth morphologies. Experimental observations that provide qualitative and semiquantitative support for the solute-source model are also presented.     

The structure and management of service level agreements innetworks

The paper proposes a structure for quality-of-service (QoS)-centered service level agreements (SLA), and a framework for their real-time management in multiservice packet networks. The SLA is structured to be fair to both parties, the service provider and their customer. The SLA considered here are for QoS assured delivery of aggregate bandwidth from ingress to egress nodes; however, the control and signaling is for the more granular flows or calls. A SLA monitoring scheme is presented in which revenue is generated by the admission of flows into the network, and penalty incurred when flows are lost in periods when the service provider is not SLA compliant. In the SLA management scheme proposed, the results of a prior off-line design are used, in conjunction with measurements taken locally at ingress nodes, to classify the loading status of routes. The routing and resource management are based on virtual partitioning and its supporting mechanism of bandwidth protection. The effectiveness of SLA management is measured by the robustness in performance in the presence of substantial diversity in actual traffic conditions. A simulation testbed called D'ARTAGNAN has been built from which we report numerical results for a case study. The results show that the SLA management scheme is robust, fair and efficient over a broad range of traffic conditions