Comparison for thermal decomposition and product distribution of chloroform under each argon and hydrogen reaction atmosphere

Thermal reaction studies of diluted mixture (1%) of chloroform (CHCl₃) under each argon (Ar) and hydrogen (H₂) reaction atmosphere have been investigated to examine the effect of reaction atmosphere on decomposition of CHCl₃ and product distributions. The experimental results were obtained over the temperature range 525?C900 °C with reaction times of 0.3?C2.0 sec. at 1 atm by utilizing an isothermal tubular flow reactor. Complete destruction (>99%) of the parent reagent, CHCl₃ was observed near 675 °C under H₂ reaction atmosphere (CHCl₃/H₂ reaction system) and 700 °C under Ar reaction atmosphere (CHCl₃/Ar reaction system) with 1 sec reaction time. The CHCl₃ pyrolysis yielded more conversion in H₂ atmosphere than in Ar atmosphere. Major products in CHCl₃/Ar reaction system were C₂Cl₄, CCl₄, C₂HCl₃ and HCl over a wide temperature range. Hydrocarbon was not found in CHCl₃/Ar reaction system. Major products of CHCl₃/H₂ reaction system observed were CH₂Cl₂, CH₃Cl, CH₄, C₂Cl₄, C₂HCl₃, C₂H₂Cl₂, C₂H₃Cl and HCl at 600 °C with 1 sec. reaction time. Non-chlorinated hydrocarbons such as CH₄, C₂H₄ and C₂H₆ were the major products at above 850 °C. Product distributions were distinctly different in Ar and H₂ reaction atmospheres. The H₂ gas plays a key role in acceleration of reagent decay and formation of non-chlorinated light hydrocarbons through hydrodechlorination process. The important reaction pathways, based on thermochemical and kinetic principles, to describe the features of reagent decay and intermediate formation under each Ar and H₂ reducing reaction atmosphere were investigated.     

当前形势下既有住宅工程质量投诉处理工作的思考

通过整理近年来住宅工程质量投诉案例及数据，总结了当前投诉事件具有维权意识主动化、投诉渠道多样化、关注细节化、注重维权时效性等特点，分析了产生投诉的主要原因，结合现有的投诉处理模式，在机构改革、法制建设、法规宣传、管理创新等方面提出了投诉处理工作的一些设想，为探索当前形势下如何更好地处理投诉工作提供一定的参考。     

Proton incorporation in yttria-stabilized zirconia during atomic layer deposition

This work elucidated the proton-incorporation mechanism in ALD YSZ¹. Isotope ²H₂O was used as an oxidant to trace proton incorporation. The ratio of ZrO₂ to Y₂O₃ ALD cycles was varied from 1:1 to 5:1. TEM confirmed that the ALD YSZ films grew as fully crystallized columnar grains in the cubic ZrO₂ phase. SIMS indicated that the Y³⁺ and ²H⁺ concentrations were linearly correlated, indicating yttria-deposition-induced proton incorporation. XPS confirmed an appreciable amount of Y(OH)₃ proportional to the ²H⁺ content in the ALD YSZ, as was also detected by SIMS. Oxide ion vacancies created by the replacement of ZrO₂ with relatively small amounts of Y₂O₃ provided additional vacancies for proton incorporation, resulting in steeper [²H⁺]/[Y³⁺] slopes.     

Synthesis and photophysical properties of host materials with high triplet energy based on dibenzofuran and triphenylamine functionalities

A host material with high triplet energy based on dibenzofuran and triphenylamine interconnected through diphenylmethylene linkage was synthesized and photophysical properties of the host material were investigated. A high triplet energy of 2.90 eV was obtained due to complete separation of an electron donating triphenylamine and accepting dibenzofuran by diphenylmethylene linkage. It was found out that intermolecular charge transfer dominated the light emission of the host material.     

Semiautomated Identification and Classification of Customer Complaints

This paper examines the feasibility of extracting useful information from customer comments using a Naïve Bayes classifier. This was done for a database, obtained from a large Korean mobile telephone service provider, of 533 customer calls to call centers in 2009. After eliminating calls not containing customer complaints or comments, the remaining 383 comments were classified by an expert panel into four domains and 27 complaint categories. The four domains were Transaction‐related (189 comments, 49%), Product‐related (120 comments, 31%), Customer Service or Support‐related (38 comments, 10%) and Customer Outreach and Marketing‐related (36 comments, 9%). The comments were then randomly assigned to either a training set (257 cases, 67%) or test set (126 cases, 33%). The training set was used to develop a Naïve Bayes classifier that correctly predicted the domain 75% of the time and the specific subcategory 51% of the time for the test set. Prediction accuracy was strongly related to prediction strength for both sets of predictions, suggesting that simple filtering strategies where difficult to understand comments are flagged for expert review and easy comments are automatically classified are both technically feasible and likely to be practically valuable. Several strong predictors were also identified that corresponded to categories more detailed than those originally assigned. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Comparison of bioethanol production of simultaneous saccharification & fermentation and separation hydrolysis & fermentation from cellulose-rich barley straw

Cellulose rich barley straw, which has a glucan content of 62.5%, followed by dilute acid pretreatment, was converted to bioethanol by simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF). The optimum fractionation conditions for barley straw were an acid concentration of 1% (w/v), a reaction temperature of 158 °C and a reaction time of 15 min. The maximum saccharification of glucan in the fractionated barley straw was 70.8% in 72 h at 60 FPU/gglucan, while the maximum digestibility of the untreated straw was only 18.9%. With 6% content WIS (water insoluble solid) for the fractionated barley straw, 70.5 and 83.2% of the saccharification yield were in SHF and SSF (representing with glucose equivalent), respectively, and a final ethanol concentration of 18.46 g/L was obtained under the optimized SSF conditions: 34 °C with 15 FPU/g-glucan enzyme loading and 1 g dry yeast cells/L. The results demonstrate that the SSF process is more effective than SHF for bioethanol production by around 18%.     

Application of in vitro gut fermentation models to food components: A review

This review introduces recent changes regarding measurement of preferences brought about by the discovery of false preferences that occur with paired preference testing. Testing protocols are examined critically. False preferences result from a response bias elicited by factors distinct from sensory properties of products being tested that can distort results. Statistical approaches to circumventing this problem are examined. Alternative methods are being developed to eliminate false preferences based on understanding information processing in the brain. This has led to development of disruptive experimental preference testing protocols based on hypothesized use of processing subroutines in the brain to protect the central processing system from overload. These disruptive protocols suppress response bias. Paired preference testing is designed to predict consumer behavior. A paucity of studies addressing whether they do is put into perspective.