Enhanced boron removal from metallurgical grade silicon by the slag refining method with the addition of tin

An effective boron removal method was developed through a process of combining Si–Sn alloy with slag treatment. Boron content in refined silicon and boron removal fraction by slag containing 5 wt% CaO, 25 wt% SiO₂ and 70 wt% Na₂SiO₃ and was investigated under varied Si–Sn alloy composition, slag/Si–Sn alloy mass ratio and refining time. Boron was effectively removed by adding tin to metallurgical grade silicon. In particular, the boron content in metallurgical grade silicon decreased from 12.92 ppmw to 0.79 ppmw by adding 50 at% tin under a mass ratio of 2:1 (slag:alloy) at 1723 K. The amount of boron removed increased with increasing amount of tin added, mass ratio and refining time.     

医药中间体废水实际工程处理效果分析

应用零价铁和双氧水耦合预处理医药中间体废水,后续进行厌氧和好氧处理。通过对300 d的工程处理效果分析,发现温度和硫酸盐含量是影响厌氧处理效果的重要原因。经Fe-H_2O_2、中和沉淀和生活污水调节后,实际医药中间体废水经厌氧处理,COD平均去除37.5%,NH_3-N含量平均升高为进水的3.15倍。厌氧出水经好氧系统处理后,COD平均去除70.1%,NH_3-N平均去除75.9%。实际工程运行数据表明,此工艺可以有效去除污染物,达到了当地接管标准。     

Effect of Industrial Chemical Refining on the Physicochemical Properties and the Bioactive Minor Components of Peanut Oil

The effect of the industrial chemical refining process on the physicochemical properties, fatty acid composition, and bioactive minor components of peanut oil was studied. The results showed that the moisture and volatile matter content, acid value, peroxide value, and p‐anisidine value were significantly changed (P < 0.05) after the complete refining process. No significant variation (P > 0.05) in the iodine value was observed among all the peanut oil samples. Similar changes were observed in the DPPH radical scavenging activity and the total tocol content during chemical refining. In addition, chemical refining did not have much effect on the fatty acid composition, except for certain changes of several individual fatty acids. Moreover, the chemical refining resulted in 23.6, 23.1, and 9.5 % losses of squalene, total phytosterols, and total tocols (α, β, γ, δ‐tocopherols and α, β, γ, δ‐tocotrienols), respectively. The degumming–neutralization step caused the greatest overall reduction of these bioactive minor components. However, the concentrations of α‐tocotrienol and γ‐tocotrienol increased after full refining. Furthermore, chemical refining slightly changed the relative proportions of individual phytosterols and individual tocols.     

Preparation and characterization of innovative cellulose diacetate/epoxy resin blends modified by isophorone diamine

Cellulose diacetate (CA)/epoxy resin (EP) blends with excellent mechanical performance were prepared with simple blending followed by curing with isophorone diamine (IPDA). The reaction between the amino groups of IPDA and epoxide groups of EP was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that the cured EP particles gradually became larger and closer to each other to form semi‐interpenetrating polymer networks in the CA matrix; this contributed to the improved mechanical properties of the CA/EP blends. Dynamic rheological experiments indicated that the CA/EP blends with semi‐interpenetrating polymer networks retained processability. After the introduction of a low content (5–10 phr) of IPDA, the mechanical properties of the CA/EP blends were significantly enhanced. With the addition of 20–30‐phr IPDA, the CA/EP blend exhibited a tensile strength of 77 MPa, a flex strength of 65 MPa, a flex modulus of 2.6 GPa, and a hardness of 94 HD; these values were much higher than those of the pristine CA/EP binary blend. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016 , 133, 44151.     

Anisotropy of the elastic modulus for hybrid composites reinforced by short fibers and particles with respect to material porosity

Hybrid composites reinforced by short fibers and particles (HCRSFPs) have been widely used in many fields, and more and more scholars are paying attention to hybrid composites. In this study, the elastic moduli of HCRSFPs in arbitrarily chosen directions were investigated with respect to their porosities. A material model was built with the assumption of a compound of particles and polymer matrix containing voids as an effective matrix, and the HCRSFPs were treated as the compound of short fibers and the effective matrix. With consideration of the three‐dimensional spatial orientation distribution and the length distribution of the short fibers, the laminate analog approach and the Halpin–Tsai model were used to predict the elastic moduli of the HCRSFPs. Numerical examples and analyses showed that the fiber orientation distribution, reinforcement volume fraction, and porosity had great effects on the elastic moduli of the HCRSFPs. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016 , 133, 43708.     

马来酸酐法分析煤基液体产品二烯值的可行性研究

为研究马来酸酐法测定煤基液体产品中共轭二烯烃含量的可行性,考察了煤焦油、脱酚煤焦油、酚类物质和费托油中醇类物质对马来酸酐法分析煤基液体产品中二烯值的影响,结果表明,试验中低温煤焦油样品的二烯值为15.17 g/100 g,经过脱酚处理的煤焦油样品二烯值显著降低,为5.65g/100 g,而苯酚、甲酚、二苯酚等酚类物质对马来酸酐法测定结果没有明显影响,说明煤焦油中其他酸性组分对马来酸酐法测定的二烯值结果影响很大。费托油中的醇类物质可与马来酸酐发生反应,对马来酸酐法测定的结果影响较大。因此马来酸酐法不适用于费托油中共轭二烯烃含量的测定。     

Charged groups synergically enhance protein imprinting in amphoteric polyacrylamide cryogels

Proteins are amphoteric biopolymers with unevenly charged exterior surfaces. Taking this point fully into account could accomplish ingenious recognition systems for the biological macromolecues. Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) are good tools to study the interactions between polymeric matrices and template molecules. Here different protein imprinted cryogels were prepared. Imprinting factors (IFs) were determined with bovine serum albumin (BSA) as the template. The IF of the polymeric cryogel made from only acrylamide (AM) and N,N′‐methylenebisacrylamide (BisAM) is about 1.38. The introduction of charged monomers, either acrylic acid or diallylamine, would increase IFs obviously. One of the basic cryogels gave the maximum IF (about 2.0) of that type. As both acrylic acid and diallylamine were involved, IFs were further increased. An amphoteric cryogel with a suitable acid‐base ratio gave a high IF of about 3.7. Whatever used alone or both, too many added acidic or basic monomers resulted in IF reduction. Taking full advantage of charged groups in MIPs could be a good way to manipulate protein–polymer interactions. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016 , 133, 43851.     

Fabrication and Property of Mullite Whiskers Frameworks with an Ultrahigh Porosity by Expandable Mesocarbon Microbeads

Mullite whiskers frameworks with an ultrahigh porosity were fabricated by the vapor‐phase reaction of AlF₃, Al₂O₃, and SiO₂ and adding expandable mesocarbon microbeads (MCMB) as a pore‐forming agent. A large volume expansion of 122% for MCMB due to its layered structure occurred during the formation of mullite whiskers, resulting in the expansion of samples and high porosities of 87.7%–98.2% at 50–90 wt% MCMB contents. Perfect whiskers and a lap‐joint structure formed due to the formation of mullites through the vapor‐phase reaction. A bimodal pore structure was achieved from the spaces of the whiskers framework and burning of the expanded MCMB. High compressive strengths of 1.7 to 5.4 MPa were obtained for the porous mullite at porosities of 94.2%–87.7%, which suggested a rigid structure; these strengths at the ultrahigh porosities are attributed to the merit of the framework with high strength whiskers and their strong bonding.     

Molecular dynamics simulations of molecularly imprinted polymer approaches to the preparation of selective materials to remove norfloxacin

A novel molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) designed by molecular dynamics (MD) simulations was successfully prepared with norfloxacin as a template molecule, methyl acrylic acid as a functional monomer, and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate as a crosslinker. According to the theoretical prediction and experimental preparation methods, three kinds of molecular imprinting materials were designed and synthesized with MD simulations and molecular imprinting technology. The best ratio of the template to the functional monomer to the crosslinker was 1:8:40 in these studies. The experimental results illustrate that the MD simulations were credible in compounding the components of the MIPs. The structure of the prepared polymers were characterized with various methods. To analyze the adsorption performances, many kinds of static adsorption tests, including kinetic, isotherm, and selectivity tests, were used. The results indicate that the novel adsorbents conformed to the pseudo–second‐order kinetic equation and followed the Langmuir isotherm model. The adsorption amounts of MIP2 at a ratio of 1:8:40 were about 29.35 mg/g at 298 K_. The selective adsorption and reusable performance of norfloxacin were excellent. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016 , 132, 42817.