A Micellar Route to Ordered Arrays of Magnetic Nanoparticles: From Size‐Selected Pure Cobalt Dots to Cobalt–Cobalt Oxide Core–Shell Systems

Starting with Co‐salt‐loaded inverse micelles, which form if the diblock copolymer polystyrene‐block‐poly(2‐vinylpyridine) is dissolved in a selective solvent like toluene and CoCl₂ is added to the solution, monomicellar arrays of such micelles exhibiting a significant hexagonal order can be prepared on top of various substrates with tailored intermicellar distances and structure heights. In order to remove the polymer matrix and to finally obtain arrays of pure Co nanoparticles, the micelles are first exposed to an oxygen plasma, followed by a treatment in a hydrogen plasma. Applying in‐situ X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, it is demonstrated that: 1) The oxygen plasma completely removes the polymer, though conserving the original order of the micellar array. Furthermore, the resulting nanoparticles are entirely oxidized with a chemical shift of the Co 2p_3/2 line pointing to the formation of Co₃O₄. 2) By the subsequent hydrogen plasma treatment the nanoparticles are fully reduced to metallic Co. 3) By exposing the pure Co nanoparticles for 100 s to various oxygen partial pressures pequation/tex2gif-inf-5.gif, a stepwise oxidation is observed with a still metallic Co core surrounded by an oxide shell. The data allow the extraction of the thickness of the oxide shell as a function of the total exposure to oxygen (pequation/tex2gif-inf-7.gif × time), thus giving the opportunity to control the ferromagnetic–antiferromagnetic composition of an exchange‐biased magnetic system.     

纸张用有机硅抗水剂的制备

采用氨基硅油、十二烷基三甲氧基硅烷、甲基三乙氧基硅烷配成11种抗水剂,用于纸张的抗水处理.通过渗透法和接触角法测试发现,有机硅抗水剂对实验选择的9种纸张均有明显的抗水效果;其中采用氨基硅油配制的抗水剂效果最好,经其处理的生宣纸与空白样相比,接触角由完全润湿提高到125°,渗透时间由0提高到18 s.最佳应用工艺为:将氨基硅油配制成质量分数为2.041%的甲苯溶液,按照10g/m2的涂布量喷涂于纸张表面,自然晾干3～5天至恒定质量.     

Biofiltration of toluene in the absence and the presence of ethyl acetate under continuous and intermittent loading

BACKGROUND: Two peat biofilters were used for the removal of toluene from air for one year. One biofilter was fed with pure toluene and the other received 1:1 (by weight) ethyl acetate:toluene mixture. RESULTS: The biofilters were operated under continuous loading: the toluene inlet load (IL) at which 80% removal occurred was 116 g m^?3 h^?1 at 57 s gas residence time. Maximum elimination capacity of 360 g m^?3 h^?1 was obtained at an IL of 745 g m^?3 h^?1. The elimination of toluene was inhibited by the presence of ethyl acetate. Intermittent loading, with pollutants supplied for 16 h/day, 5 days/week, did not significantly affect the removal efficiency (RE). Biomass was fully activated in 2 h after night closures, but 6 h were required to recover RE after weekend closures. Live cell density remained relatively constant over the operational period, while the dead cell fraction increased. Finally, a 15 day starvation period was applied and operation then re‐started. Performance was restored with similar re‐acclimatization period to that after weekend closures, and a reduction in dead cell fraction was observed. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates the capacity of the system to handle intermittent loading conditions that are common in industrial practices, including long‐term starvation. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry     

Inhibition of sulfide on the simultaneous removal of nitrate and p‐cresol by a denitrifying sludge

BACKGROUND: Many industrial discharges, such as those generated from petrochemical refineries, contain large amounts of sulfurous, nitrogenous and organic contaminants. Denitrification has emerged as a suitable technology for the simultaneous removal of these pollutants in a single reactor unit; however, more evidence is demanded to clarify the limitations of denitrification on the simultaneous removal of sulfide and phenolic contaminants and to optimize the biological process. The aim of this study was to evaluate the capacity of a denitrifying sludge to simultaneously convert sulfide and p‐cresol via denitrification. RESULTS: Sulfide was the preferred electron donor over p‐cresol, imposing a 5 h lag phase (required for complete sulfide removal) on organotrophic denitrification. Addition of sulfide (20 mg S^2? L^?1) to p‐cresol‐amended denitrifying cultures also decreased the reduction rate of nitrate and nitrite, as well as the production rate of nitrogen gas. Nitrite reduction rate was the most affected step by sulfide, decreasing from 35 to 21 mg N (g VSS d)^?1. A synergistic inhibitory effect of nitrate and sulfide was also observed on nitrite reduction. Despite the effects of sulfide on the respiratory rates monitored, complete removal of nitrate, sulfide and p‐cresol could be achieved after 48 h of incubation. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that simultaneous removal of sulfide and p‐cresol could be achieved in denitrifying reactors, but a large hydraulic residence time may be required to sustain an efficient process due to inhibitory effects of sulfide. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry     

保山气田新近系羊邑组二-三段沉积微相

保山盆地为滇西的一个具西断东超箕状断陷结构的新近系小型盆地。为搞清区内保山气田的沉积特征，指导该区油气勘探工作，结合沉积岩（物）与沉积环境之间的辩证关系，通过对沉积岩的岩性特征（颜色、岩石类型、岩石结构、黏土矿物、岩相组合）的分析研究，借助于沉积相在测井和地震剖面上的显著特征，研究并划分了保山气田新近系上新统羊邑组二-三段的沉积微相类型。结果表明，在该研究区主要发育了扇三角洲前缘亚相中的水下分流河道、分流河道间、前缘席状砂、河口坝等沉积微相类型，以及浅湖亚相中的浅湖泥和浅湖漫流席状砂沉积微相。剖析各类骨架微相的沉积特征后指出：水下分流河道、河口坝和前缘席状砂为该区最有利的储集砂体。     

国外几种脱硫醇工艺技术

硫醇是一种易挥发、有毒、腐蚀活性强的物质，在环保要求越来越严格的今天，必须将原油和凝析气中的硫醇加以脱除，才能达到环保要求。文章介绍了目前世界上采用的几种脱硫醇工艺。     

Z417/Z418蒸汽转化催化剂在镇海炼化公司制氢装置中的应用

介绍了中国石化齐鲁分公司研究院开发的新型烃类蒸汽转化催化剂Z417/Z418的性能以及在镇海炼化股份公司制氢装置上的工业应用结果。应用结果表明：使用Z417/Z418催化剂，催化剂装填密度低。装填量小；原料消耗，能耗低，适于高负荷生产；转化炉出口甲烷含量低，氢纯度高。其应用性能优于Z402/Z405G转化催化剂。     

Photodegradation mechanism and stabilization of polyphenylene oxide and rigid‐rod polymers

Poly(2,4‐dimethyl‐1,4‐phenylene oxide) (PPO), poly(benzo[1,2‐d:5,4‐d′]bisoxazole‐2,6‐diyl‐1,4‐phenylene) (PBO) and poly(benzo[1,2‐d:4,5‐d′]bisthiazole‐2,6‐diyl‐1,4‐phenylene) (PBZT), which are polymers with extended conjugated structures, undergo a self‐sensitized photo‐induced electron‐transfer reaction. A second component is not required. This article presents many similar observations on these polymers when they are exposed to light and evidence to support the proposed photo‐induced electron‐transfer mechanism. Methods to stabilize these polymers against photo‐oxidation are also described. Workers investigating other conjugated polymeric systems may find the experimental methods, observations and polymer stabilization approaches discussed in this review useful. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry