Design optimization of radially magnetized, iron-cored, tubular permanent-magnet machines and drive systems

In this paper we deduce, from analytical field solutions, the influence of leading design parameters on the performance of a radially magnetized, iron-cored, tubular permanent-magnet machine and its drive system. We derive analytical formulas for predicting the open-circuit electromotive force, the thrust force, the iron loss, and the winding resistance and inductances, as well as the converter losses. The force density, the machine and drive system efficiencies, and the power factor and converter volt-ampere (VA) rating are established as functions of a set of machine dimensional ratios, with due account of magnetic saturation and subject to a specified thermal constraint. We validate the utility and accuracy of the analytically derived formulas by finite-element calculations. Finally, we show that the design optimization of such a linear drive system must account for the losses and VA rating of the converter as well as the design parameters of the tubular machine.     

Analysis and comparison of two-dimensional permanent-magnet arrays for planar motor

This paper investigates three kinds of permanent-magnet arrays used in planar motors with polarity centers distributed in the lattices of a matrix. The magnetic field of every kind of magnet array is analyzed by analytical methods. First, we give a Laplace equation of magnetic scalar potential and a series of boundary conditions. Then, we derive the analytical expressions of magnet field strength and magnet flux density in the air gap of each kind of magnet array by the method of separation of variables. Finally, we compare the three types of magnet arrays on the basis of the analytical solutions.     

Bifurcation points and bifurcated branches by an asymptotic numerical method and Padé approximants

The aim of this work is to develop a reliable and fast algorithm to compute bifurcation points and bifurcated branches. It is based upon the asymptotic numerical method (ANM) and Padé approximants. The bifurcation point is detected by analysing the poles of Padé approximants or by evaluating, along the computed solution branch, a bifurcation indicator well adapted to ANM. Several examples are presented to assess the effectiveness of the proposed method, that emanate from buckling problems of thin elastic shells. Especially problems involving large rotations are discussed. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Optimization of support positions to maximize the fundamental frequency of structures

In this paper, the position optimization of simple supports is implemented to maximize the fundamental frequency of a beam or plate structure. Both elastic and rigid supports are taken into account. First, the frequency sensitivity with respect to the movement of a simple support is derived using the discrete method. By means of the shape functions of the finite element method, closed‐form sensitivity formulations are developed straightforwardly. Then, a heuristic approach, called evolutionary shift method, is presented for optimizing support positions with a fixed grid mesh scheme. Based on the design sensitivity analysis, the support with the highest efficiency is shifted in priority along the elementary edges with the interval (step) of the elementary size. To facilitate the convergence of the process, the interpolation technique is employed to evaluate the solution more accurately. Finally, three numerical examples are presented to demonstrate the validity of the sensitivity analysis and the effectiveness of the optimization method. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Treatment of low turbidity water by sweep coagulation using bentonite

A novel strategy of sweep coagulation to treat low turbidity water is presented herein. Study findings demonstrated that an Na⁺‐saturated bentonite with medium cation exchange capacity (CEC) resulted in significant turbidity removal at a bentonite dosage of 30 mg dm^?3. Bentonite dispersion with fully delaminated platelets tended to undergo a more porous type of coagulation with intense face‐to‐face interactions of platelets and effectively entrapped TiO₂ particles in band‐type structures. This type of coagulation usually results in a large volume of settled flocs with a fluffy structure and excellent turbidity removal efficiency for sweep coagulation. The sign and magnitude of electrical charge on TiO₂ particles has a minor effect on the efficiency of sweep coagulation. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry     

Two‐phase production of cyclohexene and cyclooctene oxides in water as an approach to pollution prevention

Liquid–liquid two‐phase epoxidation from cyclohexene and cyclooctene in aqueous potassium peroxymonosulfate (commercially available as Oxone^®) solution was studied as an application in pollution prevention. To avoid potential emissions of volatile organic compounds an aqueous solution was employed to replace the usual chlorinated solvents used in epoxide production. A droplet column reactor and stirred tank reactor were used to investigate two‐phase synthesis of epoxide. An aqueous Oxone^® solution was used to oxidize a dispersion of alkene droplets and form epoxide. The study of aqueous epoxidation in both reactors showed that the epoxidation of alkenes can be represented as a first order reaction with respect to alkene. The salting out effect of Oxone^® concentration was studied in both reactors and found to be very similar at optimal conditions. In comparing the two reactors, it was found that the droplet column reactor produces larger quantities of product per unit reactor volume for the same reaction time. The objective of this study is to provide an alternative reactor design and synthesis route that can meet pollution prevention goals. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry     

不确定多变量系统控制的多模型设计方法及其在造纸机控制中的应用

本文用有限个时不变模型描述不确定多变量系统,给出了一种鲁棒控制器频域设计方 法,使得由控制器和任一模型构成的单位反馈系统都达到闭环的稳定性、渐近调节和跟踪、弱 相互耦合以及期望的瞬态特性.该方法应用于造纸机的多种纸张的定量和水份控制,获得了 令人满意的效果.     

Verification of submodeling technique in thermomechanical reliability assessment of flip-chip package assembly

In this paper we verified the submodeling technique applied in the thermomechanical reliability assessment of a flip-chip BGA under accelerated thermal cycling test conditions. Since the steady-state creep model was implemented for the solder bump to better represent its realistic mechanical behavior, submodeling procedures developed specifically for path-dependent thermomechanical problems were considered. A detailed global model for the flip-chip BGA was built up to verify submodeling solutions. This model also served as a benchmark to examine solution discrepancies caused by different simplifications of the global model.