原油加工过程的氮平衡及其传递规律

对国内某炼油厂的常减压蒸馏、加氢裂化、连续重整、柴油加氢、渣油加氢、酮苯脱蜡、糠醛精制、重油催化裂化等21套装置进行全面采样和分析,考察了含氮原油在炼油厂各工艺流程中的分布及传递情况,确定了各装置的氮元素平衡及分布规律,绘制了全厂氮元素传递图,以期为炼油厂深度脱氮、重点装置防腐以及工艺升级等提供技术支撑。     

催化裂化装置汽轮机在线高速清洗

汽轮机是催化裂化装置机组中最易结垢的关键设备.某公司1.2 Mt/a催化裂化装置的汽轮机在运行中出现轮室压力上升、蒸汽耗量增加、调速汽门全开和转速下降的情况,判断为汽轮机流通部件结垢所致.在汽轮机组不停机、气压机火炬不需排放、装置低负荷正常生产的条件下,降低汽轮机入口蒸汽温度,实施汽轮机在线高速清洗.清洗后,汽轮机轮室...     

苏里格桃X区块气藏储层的解水锁剂研究

目的随着苏里格气田规模化开发,开采过程中因水锁效应导致的低产低效气井逐年增多,针对苏里格桃X区块生产需求和气藏水锁问题,进行气井储层水锁伤害解除技术对策研究。 方法通过开展室内药剂研究,采用氟碳类和两性离子型表面活性剂、润湿反转剂等体系复配 研制出适合该区块的解水锁剂。 结果苏里格桃X区块渗透率极低,平均含水饱和度45%左右,水锁指数小于0.3,水锁强度中等偏强。解水锁剂能够使岩心的润湿性由亲水逐渐变得疏水,接触角增大10°,有效改变了岩石润湿性且能够降低储层流体界面张力,储层渗透率最终能够恢复至原来的93.86%,现场试验后单井日均增产0.409 7×10⁴ m³。 结论该体系解水锁剂适用于研究区块,能有效解决气井水锁问题。      

基于随机森林算法的叠前流体识别

虽然叠前反演技术能够获得多种流体识别因子,但是仅利用单一的流体识别因子进行储层预测通常会带来多解性问题。目前根据多种流体识别因子对储层进行综合解释已成为一种新的趋势,但大部分方法对专家及其经验存在较强的依赖。鉴于此,将随机森林算法引入储层流体识别。首先基于测井数据优选输入特征(流体识别因子),并分别研究输入特征数量和不同特征组合对算法预测结果的影响;然后利用该算法对输入特征与井中储层信息之间的非线性关系进行学习;最后根据学习结果对储层进行综合判别,实现多种流体识别因子的综合利用。该算法削弱了单一流体识别因子所引起的多解性,提高了储层流体识别的精度与可靠性。应用实例表明,通过随机森林算法对5种流体识别因子与井中储层信息进行综合学习,达到了对含气储层和含水储层进行准确识别的目的。     

富有机质页岩中不同矿物的解吸规律

四川盆地龙马溪组页岩气开发已由地质勘探转变为开发建产阶段,研究页岩中甲烷的解吸规律对于把握页岩气产出规律、正确评价页岩气可采储量有着重要意义。为了研究页岩中不同矿物的解吸特征及其对页岩气解吸的贡献,对龙马溪组页岩、蒙脱石、高岭石、伊利石、绿泥石、Ⅱ型干酪根及石英样品开展了60℃下高压甲烷等温吸附/解吸实验。在此基础上,定量分析了页岩、黏土矿物、石英及Ⅱ型干酪根的解吸迟滞现象,并计算了黏土矿物、Ⅱ型干酪根及石英中甲烷解吸效率曲线,研究了不同矿物之间解吸规律的差异性。研究结果表明,甲烷在干酪根、黏土矿物样品中的解吸过程表现出明显的解吸滞后现象,且不同黏土矿物样品的解吸滞后程度存在较明显的差异;干酪根的解吸迟滞系数最大,达到43.67%,不同类型黏土矿物的解吸迟滞系数不同,其大小顺序为蒙脱石>高岭石>绿泥石>伊利石;随着压力降低,页岩岩样、黏土矿物、干酪根和石英的解吸效率都呈增大的趋势,且干酪根、黏土矿物、页岩的甲烷解吸效率曲线都呈现出明显的阶段性。     

产乳化剂菌株及其在提高采收率中的研究进展

综述了产生物乳化剂菌株和主要的生物乳化剂,分析了营养物质、温度、pH以及矿化度对菌株产生物乳化剂的影响,对目前主流的生物乳化剂纯化方法及其优缺点进行介绍,总结了生物乳化剂应用在提高采收率领域的国内外最新研究进展,指出了目前生物乳化剂应用于提高采收率领域所面临的挑战,并对其发展趋势做出了展望.     

Effect of reflow and thermal aging on the microstructure and microhardness of Sn-3.7Ag-xBi solder alloys

This work investigates the effect of reflow and the thermal aging process on the microstructural evolution and microhardness of five types of Sn-Ag based lead-free solder alloys: Sn-3.7Ag, Sn-3.7Ag-1Bi, Sn-3.7Ag-2Bi, Sn-3.7Ag-3Bi, and Sn-3.7Ag-4Bi. The microhardness and microstructure of the solders for different cooling rates after reflow at 250°C and different thermal aging durations at 150°C for air-cooled samples have been studied. The effect of Bi is discussed based on the experimental results. It was found that the microhardness increases with increasing Bi addition to Sn-3.7Ag solder regardless of reflow or thermal aging process. Scanning electron microscopy images show the formation of Ag₃Sn particles, Sn-rich phases, and precipitation of Bi-rich phases in different solders. The increase of microhardness with Bi addition is due to the solution strengthening and precipitation strengthening provided by Bi in the solder. The trend of decrease in microhardness with increasing duration of thermal aging was observed.     

智能交通视频监控系统双向认证架构研究

随着城市智能交通系统和交通视频监控系统的发展,监控数据传输的安全性必将成为需要重视的问题。视频监测数据在采集和传输过程中可能受到篡改、泄露、窃听等安全威胁,研究一种提高交通视频监控系统数据安全性的方法能够有效解决这一问题。文章提出了一种基于可信模块的双向安全认证架构,不仅解决了用户和终端的身份认证,而且认证了服务器端的身份,有效提高了视频监控数据的安全性。     

Development of SnAg-based lead free solders in electronics packaging

Lead free solder alloys for electronic assembly is being driven by environmental and health concerns regarding toxicity of lead and, more importantly, by the perceived economic advantage of marketing “green” products. Of the currently available lead free solders, SnAg has the greatest potential. In this solder, the Ag₃Sn compound is distributed in a eutectic network throughout the β-Sn matrix and these results represent mechanical strength. In order to further improve the microstructures and properties of SnAg-based alloys, alloying elements such as rare earth, Zn, In, P, Cu, Ni and particles such as ZrO₂, POSS are selected to meet the requirement of high reliability of high-density electronics devices. For SnAg solder bearing rare earth (Ce and La), the creep-rupture life of solder joints can be remarkably increased up to four times more than that of the original SnAg solder joints at room temperature, meanwhile, rare earths can dramatically reduce the thickness of IMCs layer at solder/pad interfaces and also refine the microstructure of the alloy which results in the enhancement of mechanical properties of the SnAg solder. Moreover, the addition of ZrO₂ nanoparticles significantly refined the size of Ag₃Sn due to the adsorption effect of the ZrO₂ nanoparticles. This paper summarizes the effects of alloying elements and particles on the wettability, mechanical properties, creep behavior, microstructures, etc. of SnAg-based lead free solder alloys.     

Anisotropy in Shape and Ligand‐Conjugation of Hybrid Nanoparticulates Manipulates the Mode of Bio–Nano Interaction and Its Outcome

In an attempt to manipulate the biological features of nanomaterials via both anisotropic shape and ligand modification, four types of nanoparticulates with good morphological stability are designed and engineered, including hybrid nanospheres, nanodiscs, and nanodiscs with edge modification or plane modification of octa‐arginine (R8) sequence. It is found that the R8 modification anisotropy can trigger huge differences in the endocytosis, intracellular trafficking, and even tissue penetration of nanoparticulates. From plane modification to edge modification of R8, the maximum increase in cell uptake is up to 17‐fold, which is much more significant than shape anisotropy alone. On the other hand, six types of different cell lines are investigated to simulate biological microenvironment. It is demonstrated that the maximum difference in cell uptake among six cell lines is 12‐fold. Three main driving forces are found to contribute to such bio–nano interactions. Based on the findings of this study, it seems possible to manipulate the biointeraction mode of nanomaterials and its output by regulating their anisotropy in both shape and ligand modification.