乳胶制品生产的工序能力分析及质量控制

本文分析了乳胶制品的生产过程，并对工序能力指数进行了分析，从而推断出产品的质量。     

Crop residue,manure and fertilizer in dryland maize under reduced tillage in northern China: I grain yields and nutrient use efficiencies

The rapidly increasing population and associated quest for food and feed in China has led to increased soil cultivation and nitrogen (N) fertilizer use, and as a consequence to increased wind erosion and unbalanced crop nutrition. In the study presented here, we explored the long-term effects of various combinations of maize stover, cattle manure and nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) fertilizer applications on maize (Zea mays L.) yield and nutrient and water use efficiencies under reduced tillage practices. In a companion paper, we present the effects on nutrient balances and soil fertility characteristics. The ongoing factorial field trial was conducted at Shouyang Dryland Farming Experimental Station in northern China from 1993 onwards. The incomplete, determinant-optimal design comprised 12 treatments, including a control treatment, in duplicate. Grain yields and N, P, and potassium (K) uptakes and N, P and K use efficiencies were greatly influenced by the amount of rain during the growing season (GSR), and by soil water at sowing (SWS). There were highly significant interactions between GSR and added stover and manure, expressed in complex annual variations in grain yield and N, P and K use efficiencies. Annual mean grain yields ranged from 3,000 kg ha⁻¹ to 10,000 kg ha⁻¹ and treatment mean yields from 4,500 kg ha⁻¹ to 7,000 kg ha⁻¹. Balanced combination of stover (3,000–6,000 kg), manure (1,500–6,000 kg) and N fertilizer (105 kg) gave the highest yield. Stover and manure were important for supplying K, but the effects differed greatly between years. Overall mean N recovery efficiency (NRE) ranged from 28% to 54%, depending on N source. NRE in wet years ranged from 50% to 90%. In conclusion, balanced combinations of stover, manure and NP fertilizer gave the highest yield and NRE. Reduced tillage with adding stover and manure in autumn prior to ploughing is effective in minimizing labor requirement and wind erosion. The potentials of split applications of N fertilizer, targeted to the need of the growing crop (response farming), should be explored to further increase the N use efficiency.     

Purification of 2-mercaptobenzothiazole by solvent extraction

−Purification of 2-mercaptobenzothiazole (91.9% purity) by solvent extraction was studied. The extraction of impurities present in crude 2-MBT (e.g. benzothiazole, sulfides and sulfur containing compounds) was carried out at temperatures between 70-180°C using various solvents and their mixtures of different polarity. The highest purity of 2-MBT, above 99% was obtained using nitrobenzene, toluene and ethanol, even at a concentration of 2-MBT above 50 wt%. Increasing temperature and decreasing concentration of the raw material have a positive influence on the purification process. A comparable efficiency of purification was observed also with mixed solvents, (toluene with ethanol, acetone and aniline) possessing the same polarities. A correlation between the polarity indexes (PI) of mixed solvents and experimentally obtained purity of 2-MBT was found. The highest purity of 2-MBT provides extraction of the raw material with mixed solvents having PI 3.8-4.4.     

Synthesis and properties of chitosan-modified poly(vinyl butyrate)

Modification of chitosan by grafting of vinyl butyrate was carried out in homogeneous phase using potassium persulfate as redox initator and 1.5% acetic acid as solvent. The percent grafting and grafting efficiency were analysed and the high grafting efficiency up to 94% was observed. The effects of reaction variables such as monomer concentration, initiator concentration, temperature and reaction time were investigated. It was observed that the solubility of chitosan was markedly reduced after grafting with vinyl butyrate. The grafted product is insoluble in common organic solvents as well in dilute organic and inorganic acids. Characterization of the graft copolymers were carried out by using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) technics. Characteristic signal of carbonyl group was observed at 1,731 cm⁻¹ which belongs to the poly vinyl butyrate segments in the graft copolymer. The melting transition of the chitosan main chain in the copolymer shifted to 124°C from its original value 101°C. In addition to these, we have also studied topology of the graft copolymer and the SEM micrograph showed continuous homogenous matrix which means there is no phase separation.     

Polymer electrolytes from PEO and novel quaternary ammonium iodides for dye-sensitized solar cells

Polymer electrolytes were prepared by blending high molecular weight poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) and a series of novel quaternary ammonium iodides, the polysiloxanes with oligo(oxyethylene) side chains and quaternary ammonium groups. X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements ensured relatively low crystallinity when the quaternary ammonium iodides were incorporated into the PEO host. The ionic conductivity of these complexes was improved with the addition of plasticizers. The improvement in the ionic conductivity was determined by the polarity, viscosity and amounts of plasticizers. A plasticized electrolyte containing the novel quaternary ammonium iodide was successfully used in fabricating a quasi-solid-state dye-sensitized solar cell for the first time. The fill factor and energy conversion efficiency of the cell were calculated to be 0.68 and 1.39%, respectively.     

A robust video zero-watermarking based on deep convolutional neural network and self-organizing map in polar complex exponential transform domain

In this paper, a robust video zero-watermarking scheme for copyright protection using a combination of convolutional neural network (CNN) and self-organizing map (SOM) in polar complex exponential transform (PCET) space is presented. The scheme is developed not only to remedy the existing problems of lacking in some performance assessments but also to enhance the robustness. It starts with extracting the content feature of each frame by CNN and then some significant frames are selected using SOM clustering and maximum entropy. Secondly, the PCET is applied to all selected frames to abstract invariant moments, and further, is scrambled by a chaotic logistic map and is reduced in dimensions by singular value decomposition (SVD). Next, a binary sequence is generated by comparing adjacent values of the obtained compact PCET moments in the previous step, and further is permuted to produce a binary matrix. Finally, a bitwise exclusive-OR operation is imposed on the binary matrix and the encrypted watermark by the chaotic map to generate a zero-watermark signal. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed scheme has adequate equalization and distinguishability of zero-watermarks as well as strong robustness against common signal processing, geometric, compression, and inter-frame attacks. Also, compared with existing video zero-watermarking and traditional video watermarking methods, the proposed scheme exhibits superior robustness.

     

结合Pix2Pix生成对抗网络的灰度图像着色方法

针对神经网络在进行图像着色时容易出现物体边界不明确、图像着色质量不高的问题,提出结合Pix2Pix生成对抗网络的灰度图像着色方法.首先改进U-Net结构,采用8个下采样层和8个上采样层对图像进行特征提取和颜色预测,提高网络模型对图像深层次特征的提取能力;然后使用L1损失和smooth L 1损失度量生成图像与真实图像之间的差距,对比不同损失函数下的图像着色质量;最后加入梯度惩罚,在生成图像和真实图像分布之间构造新的数据分布,对每个输入数据进行梯度惩罚,改变判别器网络梯度限制方法,提高网络在训练过程中的稳定性.在相同实验环境下,使用Pix2Pix模型和summer2winter数据进行对比分析.实验结果表明,改进后的U-Net和使用smooth L 1损失作为生成器损失可以生成更好的着色图像;而L1损失能更好地保持图像结构信息,使用梯度惩罚可以加速模型的收敛速度,提高模型稳定性和图像质量;该方法能更好地学习图像的深层次特征,减少图像着色模糊现象,在有效地保持图像结构相似性的同时提高图像着色质量.     

基于地图投影的三维脑电地形图绘制

直接在三维表面上进行脑电地形图的插值绘制具有较高的算法复杂度,在实际应用特别是商用脑电处理软件方面具有一定的局限性.针对该问题,本文利用地图投影理论将三维头表空间投影到二维空间并完成电位插值,最后再将插值电位反投影到三维头表空间,完成三维头表地形图的绘制.由于该方法是在二维空间完成插值,极大地降低了算法的复杂度,提高了算法的效率,具有明显的工程意义.     

基于DenseNet和随机森林的电力用户窃电检测

窃电作为配电网络非技术损耗的主要因素之一,不仅严重扰乱供电秩序,还会危害电网安全,造成供电企业甚至国家的重大损失.为了更高效地检测窃电情况,提出了一种新型的密集卷积神经网络和随机森林(DenseNet-RF)模型,基于该模型实现了电力用户窃电行为的检测.首先,分析了密集卷积神经网络(DenseNet)的结构;其次,将密集卷积神经网络(DenseNet)对大规模的智能电表数据集进行自动特征提取;然后,根据获得的特征再使用随机森林(RF)训练分类器,以检测用户是否窃电.在建立融合模型时,采用网格搜索算法确定最优参数.最后,进行实验验证,实验结果表明,所提出的检测模型优于宽而深的卷积神经网络(WDNet)、DenseNet、极限学习机(ELM)等模型的分类准确性,其模型准确率为96.76％,同时具有良好的泛化能力.     

Power Smoothing of a Variable-speed Wind Turbine Generator

This paper presents a power-smoothing scheme of a variable-speed wind turbine generator (VSWTG) that employs separate control gains for the over-frequency section (OFS) and under-frequency section (UFS). In the proposed scheme, an additional proportional control loop based on the system frequency deviation operating in conjunction with maximum power point tracking operation is used. In the OFS, to improve the energy-storing capability, the scheme suggests the gain of the frequency deviation control loop, which is set to be monotonously decreasing with the rotor speed while being significantly larger than that in the UFS. In the UFS, to improve the energy-releasing capability while preventing over-deceleration, the gain of the frequency deviation control loop is set to be a linear function of the rotor speed. The simulation results under continuously varying wind speeds with different wind patterns and wind speeds clearly demonstrate that the proposed scheme significantly mitigates the output power fluctuations of a VSWTG. The proposed scheme keeps the frequency within a narrow range, thereby reducing the required primary frequency control reserve for regulating the frequency under normal operations.