基于高通量测序分析感染菌核病和健康桑果内生菌群落结构及多样性

以感染菌核病桑果和健康桑果为材料,采用Illumina MiSeq高通量测序,分析二者内生菌群落结构组成及多样性变化,充分挖掘桑果内生菌资源,探讨伴生菌与菌核病病原菌互作关系,为建立桑果微生物信息系统、桑果菌核病的病原学研究以及生物防治提供参考。结果表明：根据97%的序列相似性水平,可以将细菌和真菌分别归类为281 个和259 个非重复可操作分类单元（operational taxonomic units,OTU）。内生细菌群落以蓝藻门（Cyanobacteria）、变形菌门（Proteobacteria）、厚壁菌门（Firmicutes）、拟杆菌门（Bacteroidetes）为主,Cyanobacteria_norank、Mitochondria_norank 2 个细菌属在病果中呈明显下降趋势,敏感性较强。内生真菌群落以子囊菌门（Ascomycota）、Fungi_unclassified、担子菌门（Basidiomycota）为主,Fungi_unclassified、Basidiomycota受病原菌影响较大,其中Fungi_unclassified几乎不存在于感病组,Basidiomycota下降99.07%。内生真菌多样性可明显划分感病果实和健康果实的界限,且感病果实内生真菌多样性远小于健康果实。LEfSe显著差异分析表明,泛菌属（Pantoea）是病果中重要的细菌类群,Ascomycota及其分支锤舌菌纲（Leotiomycetes）、柔膜菌目（Helotiales）、核盘菌科（Sclerotiniaceae）和杯盘菌属（Ciboria）,粪壳菌纲（Sordariomycetes）,座囊菌纲（Dothideomycetes）,炭角菌目（Xylariales）及其分支（Xylariales_f_Xylariales_fam_Incertae_sedis,Monographella）是健康果实与感病果实间重要显著差异的生物标识。     

低盐接种发酵辣椒对其风味品质的提升作用

由于高盐辣椒加工脱盐后产生大量的盐渍辣椒水,不仅污染了环境,还造成了辣椒本身营养物质的损失,中低盐度发酵辣椒是辣椒加工技术发展的方向和重点。该实验选用植物乳杆菌（Lactobacillus plantarum）和季也蒙迈耶氏酵母（Meyerozyma guilliermondii）进行低盐发酵8%(m/m)盐度,测定pH值、总酸、还原糖、氨基酸态氮等理化指标和感官评价,利用高效液相色谱测定发酵后的有机酸含量,顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用技术测定挥发性物质,运用聚类分析和主成分分析对室温自然发酵辣椒、32℃自然发酵辣椒、X公司提供的发酵辣椒产品18%(m/m)盐度、32℃接种发酵辣椒的风味品质进行差异性分析。结果表明,X公司发酵辣椒和接种发酵辣椒整体感官评分较高,分别为90.81、88.80分,它们的总酸分别达0.62、0.74 g/100 g,X公司发酵辣椒产品中有机酸含量较低,接种发酵辣椒中乳酸含量较高。不同发酵辣椒之间挥发性物质存在较大差异（P<0.05）,自然发酵组中含量占比最高的是烷烃类（31%）、酯类（16.29%～18.10%）,X公司发酵辣椒中是酯（33.46...     

丁香-肉桂提取液复合涂膜剂对辣椒的采后保鲜作用

为开发新型安全的植物源辣椒保鲜剂,以“湘研15号”辣椒为实验材料,在成膜剂中添加天然抑菌剂,通过测定丁香-肉桂提取液复合涂膜剂对辣椒采后的失重率、腐烂率、呼吸强度、维生素C、叶绿素、苯丙氨酸解氨酶（Phenylalanine Ammonia Lyase,PAL）、过氧化物酶（Peroxldase,POD）、多酚氧化酶（Polyphenol Oxidase,PPO）、丙二醛（Malondialdehyde,MDA）、过氧化氢酶（Catalase,CAT）、总酚和类黄酮含量变化,研究丁香-肉桂提取液复合涂膜剂对辣椒采后的保鲜效果。实验显示该复合涂膜剂能有效降低果实的失重率和腐烂率,贮藏20 d后,与CK1（清水）和CK2（不做任何处理）组相比,其失重率分别降低了31.20%、30.64%（p<0.05）;腐烂率分别降低了71.43%、68.07%（p<0.05）。同时辣椒的防御体系酶的活性显著升高,过氧化氢酶活性分别提高了55.01%、44.69%（p<0.05）;过氧化物酶活性分别提高了37.50%、12.58%（p<0.05）;苯丙氨酸解氨酶活性分别提高了58.37%、34.14%（p<0.05）。表明丁香-肉桂提取液复合涂膜剂能有效提高辣椒抗病性,有利于防腐保鲜,延长辣椒贮藏期,为开发新型安全的植物源辣椒防腐保鲜剂提供理论支持。     

Water-dispersible ferrimagnetic iron oxide nanocubes with extremely high r₂ relaxivity for highly sensitive in vivo MRI of tumors

The theoretically predicted maximum r(2) relaxivity of iron oxide nanoparticles was achieved by optimizing the overall size of ferrimagnetic iron oxide nanocubes. Uniform-sized iron oxide nanocubes with an edge length of 22 nm, encapsulated with PEG-phospholipids (WFION), exhibited high colloidal stability in aqueous media. In addition, WFIONs are biocompatible and did not affect cell viability at concentrations up to 0.75 mg Fe/ml. Owing to the enhanced colloidal stability and the high r(2) relaxivity (761 mM(-1) s(-1)), it was possible to successfully perform in vivo MR imaging of tumors by intravenous injection of 22-nm-sized WFIONs, using a clinical 3-T MR scanner.     

一种可靠性再分配改进算法在某型航空自导深弹中的应用

讨论了如何利用可靠性预计值来优化可靠性分配的问题。在已知可靠性预计值和初始分配值时,提出了一种可靠性再分配改进算法。并用实例说明此算法的可行性和合理性。     

Analysis of cerebral blood flow by pneumatic-valves-controlled microfluidic device: risk assessment of infarction correlated with morphometric variation of cerebral vascular system

Although cerebral blood flow is the crucial factor for cerebral infarction and the circle of Willis (CoW) is considered the primary control structure for cerebral hemodynamics, risk of cerebral infarction caused by the morphological variation in the CoW has never been studied due to lack of proper tools. Here, the alteration of cerebral blood flow in CoW variation was quantitatively assessed by a new analysis method using a microfluidic device that was controlled by pneumatic valves. Using this device, the occlusion of diverse major arteries was realized by closing the channel with pneumatic valves. The morphological variations of the CoW and their hemodynamics were designed and analyzed after occlusion of the major arteries. While the differences in hemodynamics of CoW variants were not statistically significant compared with a complete CoW without occlusion or with occlusion of the efferent arteries, the occlusion of afferent arteries such as common carotid artery and vertebral artery severely affected the flow rate (28.4–48.8 %) and related arterial pressure of efferent arteries (48.6 ± 6.7–36.0 ± 1.4 mmHg) in CoW variants where the posterior communicating artery and the P1 segment are absent, which is associated with cerebral ischemic infarction. The novel analysis system using microfluidics provides a robust and accurate method, in which the hemodynamics of individual morphological variation and stenosis, and occlusion of vessels can be analyzed. Thus, this method is particularly suitable for personalized analysis of hemodynamics and may find new applications in biomedical researches.     

Simple synthesis of functionalized superparamagnetic magnetite/silica core/shell nanoparticles and their application as magnetically separable high-performance biocatalysts

Uniformly sized silica-coated magnetic nanoparticles (magnetite@silica) are synthesized in a simple one-pot process using reverse micelles as nanoreactors. The core diameter of the magnetic nanoparticles is easily controlled by adjusting the w value ([polar solvent]/[surfactant]) in the reverse-micelle solution, and the thickness of the silica shell is easily controlled by varying the amount of tetraethyl orthosilicate added after the synthesis of the magnetite cores. Several grams of monodisperse magnetite@silica nanoparticles can be synthesized without going through any size-selection process. When crosslinked enzyme molecules form clusters on the surfaces of the magnetite@silica nanoparticles, the resulting hybrid composites are magnetically separable, highly active, and stable under harsh shaking conditions for more than 15 days. Conversely, covalently attached enzymes on the surface of the magnetite@silica nanoparticles are deactivated under the same conditions.     

经济能的增益循环与社会再生产

在用社会能测度劳动价值及描述社会生产过程的基础上，把社会生产按经济能划分为两大部类；讨论市场交换的五种类型，市场交换中社会能的支付、吸纳与增益；指出市场竞争的本质是社会力，经济能增益是社会生命系统生存和发展的前提；建立社会再生产的社会能模型。     

综合物探方法在地下防空洞探测中的应用

在复杂闹市区如何开展物探工作,对地下防空洞实施有效探测,是当前要解决的关键问题。本文详细介绍了采用地质雷达法、地震影像法和瑞雷面波法综合物探方法在新疆喀什少数民族聚集区地下防空洞探测中的应用,并列举实例进行说明,充分反映了综合物探方法在工程勘察中的重要作用。     

Chemical Characterization and Antitumor Activities of Polysaccharide Extracted from Ganoderma lucidum

Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide (GLP) is a biologically active substance reported to possess anti-tumor ability. Nonetheless, the mechanisms of GLP-stimulated apoptosis are still unclear. This study aims to determine the inhibitory and apoptosis-inducing effects of GLP on HCT-116 cells. We found that GLP reduced cell viability on HCT-116 cells in a time- and dose-dependent manner, which in turn, induced cell apoptosis. The observed apoptosis was characterized by morphological changes, DNA fragmentation, mitochondrial membrane potential decrease, S phase population increase, and caspase-3 and -9 activation. Furthermore, inhibition of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) by SP600125 led to a dramatic decrease of the GLP-induced apoptosis. Western blot analysis unveiled that GLP up-regulated the expression of Bax/Bcl-2, caspase-3 and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP). These results demonstrate that apoptosis stimulated by GLP in human colorectal cancer cells is associated with activation of mitochondrial and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways.