Tensile Properties and Failure Mechanism of a New 3D Nonorthogonal Woven Composite Material

Tensile properties and failure mechanism of a newly developed three-dimensional (3D) woven composite material named 3D nonorthogonal woven composite are investigated in this paper. The microstructure of the composite is studied and the tensile properties are obtained by quasi-static tensile tests. The failure mechanism of specimen is discussed based on observation of the fracture surfaces via electron microscope. It is found that the specimens always split along the oblique yarns and produce typical v-shaped fracture surfaces. The representative volume cell (RVC) is established based on the microstructure. A finite element analysis is conducted with periodical boundary conditions. The finite element simulation results agree well with the experimental data. By analyzing deformation and stress distribution under different loading conditions, it is demonstrated that finite element model based on RVC is valid in predicting tensile properties of 3D nonorthogonal woven composites. Stress distribution shows that the oblique yarns and warp yarns oriented along the x direction carry primary load under x tension and that warp yarns bear primary load under y tension.     

Application potential of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell (BMSCs) based tissue-engineering for spinal cord defect repair in rat fetuses with spina bifida aperta

Spina bifida aperta are complex congenital malformations resulting from failure of fusion in the spinal neural tube during embryogenesis. Despite surgical repair of the defect, most patients who survive with spina bifida aperta have a multiple system handicap due to neuron deficiency of the defective spinal cord. Tissue engineering has emerged as a novel treatment for replacement of lost tissue. This study evaluated the prenatal surgical approach of transplanting a chitosan–gelatin scaffold seeded with bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) in the healing the defective spinal cord of rat fetuses with retinoic acid induced spina bifida aperta. Scaffold characterisation revealed the porous structure, organic and amorphous content. This biomaterial promoted the adhesion, spreading and in vitro viability of the BMSCs. After transplantation of the scaffold combined with BMSCs, the defective region of spinal cord in rat fetuses with spina bifida aperta at E20 decreased obviously under stereomicroscopy, and the skin defect almost closed in many fetuses. The transplanted BMSCs in chitosan–gelatin scaffold survived, grew and expressed markers of neural stem cells and neurons in the defective spinal cord. In addition, the biomaterial presented high biocompatibility and slow biodegradation in vivo. In conclusion, prenatal transplantation of the scaffold combined with BMSCs could treat spinal cord defect in fetuses with spina bifida aperta by the regeneration of neurons and repairmen of defective region.     

Comparison of gas sensing properties based on hollow and porous α-Fe<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>3</Subscript> nanotubes

Hollow and porous α-Fe₂O₃ nanotubes were successfully synthesized by single nozzle electrospinning method followed by annealing treatment. The crystal structures and morphologies of the as-prepared materials were characterized by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy, respectively. The as-prepared materials were applied to construct gas sensor devices which gas sensing properties were further investigated. The obtained results revealed that porous α-Fe₂O₃ nanotube gas sensors exhibit a markedly enhanced gas sensing performance compared with hollow α-Fe₂O₃ nanotube gas sensors, which was about three times higher to 100 ppm acetone at 240 °C. Interestingly, hollow and porous α-Fe₂O₃ nanotube gas sensors both showed fast response–recovery time and good selectivity, but the porous ones possessed the shorter recovery time. The improved properties could be attributed to the unique morphology of porous nanotubes. Thus, further improvement of performance in metal-oxide-semiconductors materials could be realized by preparation the unique porous structures of nanotubes. Moreover, it is expected that porous metal-oxide-semiconductors nanotubes could be further design as promising candidates for gas sensing materials.     

Electromigration effect on Sn-58 % Bi solder joints with various substrate metallizations under current stress

The electromigration behavior of low-melting temperature Sn-58Bi (in wt%) solder joints was investigated with a high current density between 3 and 4.5 × 10³ A/cm² between 80 and 110 °C. In order to analyze the impact of various substrate metallizations on the electromigration performance of the Sn-58Bi joint, we used representative substrate metallizations including electroless nickel immersion gold (ENIG), electroless nickel electroless palladium immersion gold (ENEPIG), and organic solderability preservatives (OSP). As the applied current density increased, the time to failure (TTF) for electromigration decreased regardless of the temperature or substrate metallizations. In addition, the TTF slightly decreased with increasing temperature. The substrate metallization significantly affected the TTF for the electromigration behavior of the Sn-58Bi solder joints. The substrate metallizations for electromigration performance of the Sn-58Bi solder are ranked in the following order: OSP-Cu, ENEPIG, and ENIG. Due to the polarity effect, current stressing enhanced the fast growth of intermetallic compounds (IMCs) at the anode interface. Cracks occurred at the Ni₃Sn₄ + Ni₃P IMC/Cu interfaces on the cathode sides in the Sn-58Bi/ENIG joint and the Sn-58Bi/ENEPIG joint; this was caused by the complete consumption of the Ni(P) layer. Alternatively, failure occurred via deformation of the bulk solder in the Sn-58Bi/OSP-Cu joint. The experimental results confirmed that the electromigration reliability of the Sn-58Bi/OSP-Cu joint was superior to those of the Sn-58Bi/ENIG or Sn-58Bi/ENEPIG joints.     

Preparation and microwave absorbing properties of nickel-coated carbon fiber with polyaniline via in situ polymerization

Electric conductive and microwave absorbing material PANI/Ni/CF was prepared by in situ polymerization of polyaniline on the surface of nickel-coated carbon fiber (Ni/CF). The morphologies and structures of CF, Ni/CF, PANI and PANI/Ni/CF were characterized by scanning electron microscope and X-ray diffraction. Results show that the CF was wrapped tightly around the nickel layer, and the Ni/CF was coated by PANI. Measurement of four probes resistance tester indicates that the electrical conductivity of PANI/Ni/CF was great improved compared with PANI and PANI/CF. Vibrating sample magnetometry shows that the magnetic saturation intensity of Ni/CF and PANI/Ni/CF was 13.8 and 2.3 emu/g, respectively. According to the vector network analyzer, the microwave absorbing properties of PANI/Ni/CF were better than those of PANI and PANI/CF, and its minimum loss value is ?12.4 dB at 8.8 GHz.     

Methylene blue photocatalytic degradation under visible irradiation of Al doped ZnO powders by hydrothermal synthesis sensitized with octa-iso-pentyloxyphthalocyanine lead

AZO powders were sensitized through chemisorption method by octa-iso-pentyloxy phthalocyanine lead and characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The results showed that after sensitization process AZO photo physical properties improved greatly in visible regions. Photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue was studied under visible irradiation in aqueous solution and the pseudo first order model was used to obtain kinetic information of the photocatalytic degradation. The results indicated that photocatalytic activities of PbPc(iso-PeO)₈-AZO were better than of AZO powders.     

基于Fluent的圆柱齿轮流量计的密封性仿真分析

通过对圆柱齿轮流量计进行二维简化建模,用Fluent仿真软件的ICEM CFD模块进行网格划分,利用Fluent仿真软件对圆柱齿轮流量计进行了计算和密封性的仿真分析,得出了其速度矢量分布图,并且给出了各泄漏量的计算公式和每种泄漏所占泄漏总量的百分比,即为以后的整个流量计的设计提供理论依据。,提高流量计的寿命具有重要意义。同时还省去了大量的人工计算过程,极大地加快了计算速度。