TSRN: A Tabu Search-Based Routing Protocol for Named Data Networking

Information-centric network (ICN) has become a basic research topic with regard to the future architecture of the Internet. Storage and routing data is an important feature of ICN, as it improves network performance and content distribution. One of the challenges in this type of network is the routing problem. The objective of this paper is to propose a routing algorithm in the named data network. Owing to the impressive results presented by the enhanced heuristic methods, tabu search has been selected to develop the proposed algorithm. This work has been carried out in five major steps, Creating the initial solution, The mechanisms of generating a neighborhood, Evaluating the neighbor solutions and selecting the appropriate responses, Updating the answer and the tabu list, Controlling the algorithm termination conditions. The proposed protocol has been implemented in the simulator NS3. Important measures such as the packet delivery ratio, satisfied the interest packets ratio, the average number of interest packets, end-to-end delay, route creation delay, transmission delay, loss rate, and control message overhead have been studied. These show the quality of the proposed protocol. To evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithm, the results of the algorithm were compared with OSPFN and OSPF, which are the most well-known algorithms. The results of this assessment of throughput, control message overhead, packet delivery ratio, and end-to-end delay show that the proposed algorithm has the ability to provide appropriate solutions comparable to these algorithms.     

Investigation of wicking phenomenon and tensile properties in three-layer composite nanofibrous PA/PLLA yarn

One critical property of a nanofibrous structure is the wicking behavior in contact with liquids. This work's purpose is fabrication and investigation of tensile and wicking properties of a newly designed three-layer nanofibrous yarn consisting of polyamide 6/poly(L-lactic acid) (PA/PLLA) with a similar idea to Bobtex spun yarn structure in which adhesion between core (PA) and sheath (PLLA) is provided with a thin layer of polymeric thin film. The tensile strength and strain decreased 32 and 46%, respectively, in a three-layer yarn compared with two-layer, that is, yarn without the adhesion film. In addition, the ultimate strength of the three-layer yarn was higher than a PLLA yarn. The vertical wicking test for three-layer nanofibrous yarn reveals that at short times, capillary rise kinetics follow the Lucas–Washburn law while increasing the take-up velocity of the take-up roller in yarn fabrication leads to increasing the maximum height of water in yarn.     

ZnS nanoparticles prepared via simple reflux and hydrothermal method: Optical and photocatalytic properties

In this research, zinc sulfide nanoparticles (NPs) with various morphologies such as spherical, flower-like, microspheres decorated with nanoparticles and nanorods were synthesized by two distinct, simple and efficient methods. These approaches include reflux and hydrothermal methods. Zinc nitrate hexahydrate (${\mathrm{Zn}({\mathrm{NO}}_3)}_2$).6H₂O were used as Zn source and thioacetamide (TAA) was used as S source. The effects of TAA to zinc ion mole ratio were investigated on the morphology, particle size, optical and photocatalytic properties of ZnS nanocrystals. In hydrothermal synthesis with increasing Zn²⁺:TAA mole ratio from 1:1 to 1:2 dendrite-like nanocrystals changed to semi-spherical nanoparticles with average particle size 50–60?nm, with different effect as photocatalysts. But any change at morphology were didn’t observed with changing Zn²⁺:TAA mole ratio from 1:1 to 1:30 in the reflux method. In the reflux method with increasing in Zn²⁺:TAA mole ratio, dispersed semi-sphere nanoparticles were observed. The synthesized nanocrystals were characterized by infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. XRD analysis and FESEM images show that the size of synthesized ZnS NPs is in the range of 15–25?nm. UV–vis spectra showed that by increasing the amount of sulfur source and increasing the reaction time, ${\lambda }_{\mathit{max}}$ shifted towards lower wavelengths, and the band gap was in the range of ~ 3.9–4.8?eV for all of the samples. Also, photoluminescence (PL) analysis showed by increasing particle size and degree of agglomeration, emission intensity (${\mathrm{\lambda }}_{\mathrm{em}}$) decreased. The photocatalytic activity of the as-prepared samples has been compared for the photocatalyst degradation of reactive blue 21. The sample with low Pl intensity has higher photocatalyst efficiency.     

Conversion of CO into CO2 by high active and stable PdNi nanoparticles supported on a metal-organic framework

The solubility of Pd(NO₃)₂ in water is moderate whereas it is completely soluble in diluted HNO₃ solution. Pd/MIL-101(Cr) and Pd/MIL-101-NH₂(Cr) were synthesized by aqueous solution of Pd(NO₃)₂ and Pd(NO₃)₂ solution in dilute HNO₃ and used for CO oxidation reaction. The catalysts synthesized with Pd(NO₃)₂ solution in dilute HNO₃ showed lower activity. The aqueous solution of Pd(NO₃)₂ was used for synthesis of mono-metal Ni, Pd and bimetallic PdNi nanoparticles with various molar ratios supported on MOF. Pd₇₀Ni₃₀/MIL-101(Cr) catalyst showed higher activity than monometallic counterparts and Pd+ Ni physical mixture due to the strong synergistic effect of PdNi nanoparticles, high distribution of PdNi nanoparticles, and lower dissociation and desorption barriers. Comparison of the catalysts synthesized by MIL-101(Cr) and MIL-101-NH₂(Cr) as the supports of metals showed that Pd/MIL-101-NH₂(Cr) outperforms Pd/MIL-101-(Cr) because of the higher electron density of Pd resulting from the electron donor ability of the NH₂ functional group. However, the same activities were observed for Pd₇₀Ni₃₀/MIL-101(Cr) and Pd₇₀Ni₃₀/MIL-101-NH₂(Cr), which is due to a less uniform distribution of Pd nanoparticles in Pd₇₀Ni₃₀/MIL-101-NH₂(Cr) originated from amorphization of MIL-101-NH₂(Cr) structure during the reduction process. In contrast, Pd₇₀Ni₃₀/MIL-101(Cr) revealed the stable structure and activity during reduction and CO oxidation for a long time.     

Polymeric Nanoparticles as a Self-Adjuvanting Peptide Vaccine Delivery System: The Role of Shape

Antigens incorporated in subunit vaccines are typically poorly immunogenic, so a strong immunostimulant (adjuvant) and/or delivery system is required to boost immunogenicity. In this work, the various functional polymer nanostructures, that is, rods, worms, spheres, and tadpoles are used to develop potent peptide antigen delivery systems. The antigen PADRE-J8 (PJ8), derived from Group A Streptococcus (GAS) M-protein, is either physically mixed or chemically conjugated to polymeric nanoparticles of different shapes. The physical mixture of polymeric nanoparticles and antigen is more effective in inducing antibody production than their chemical conjugates. Moreover, rod-shaped polymeric nanoparticles in physical mixture with PJ8 elicited higher and more opsonic antibody titers than powerful complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA)-adjuvanted antigen. Herein, for the first time it is demonstrated that a) the block copolymer, in nanoparticle form, can act as an immune adjuvant, b) nanoparticle shape plays a crucial role in their immunogenicity, and c) antigen conjugation is not required, nor is antigen encapsulation or absorption.     

Extraction and determination of mercury from spring water,beverage and rice samples using combined microwave-assisted cloud point and dispersive-solid phase extraction in micellar media

The determination of inorganic mercury species in water, beverages and foods has been a special research priority in recent years because mercury, as a highly carcinogenic species, even in trace concentration, has high adverse effects on the body of living organisms. In this research, combining two extraction techniques, including microwave-assisted cloud point extraction and dispersive-solid phase extraction (MA-CP-dSPE), for the separation and pre-concentration of mercury in environmental samples is presented. This method is based on the dispersion of nanoparticles in micellar media in the presence of a novel mono-thiosemicarbazone Schiff base (2 N′-[4-diphenylamino]benzylidene) hydrazinecarbothiohydrazide) ligand. Using the experimental conditions defined in the optimization, the method allowed mercury determination from 0.020 to 350 mg/L with a detection limit of 0.005 mg/L. The accuracy of the procedure was tested by analysing certified reference material. The method was successfully applied to copper determination in spring water, beverage and rice samples.     

Glucosamine conjugated iron oxide and graphene oxide nanohybrid for smart drug delivery

Smart drug delivery systems have attracted a lot of attention as one of the new treatment methods for cancer. In this study, a smart drug delivery system carrying anticancer drugs was obtained by the intelligent synthesis of glucosamine (GA)-functionalized graphene oxide (GO)-based iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe₃O₄@GO-GA) using Hummers and chemical co-precipitation processes. Nanohybrids have a high surface area (280.26 m²/g) and superparamagnetic behaviour (Ms = 26.017 emu/g), indicating a significant loading capacity (373.78 mg/mg) and efficiency (96.3%) for pharmaceutical loading. An adsorption study of conventional daunorubicin (DNR) on this carrier showed that the drug release is more prone to occur under acidic conditions (pH = 5.5), at moderately high temperatures (T = 40°C), and in the absence of smart carriers. The toxicity of the smart nanohybrids was examined using the sulphorhodamine B (SRB) assay in Michigan Cancer Foundation-7 (MCF-7) cell lines. The rate of death of cells exposed to smart drug-containing systems in comparison to the systems without GA shows that GA reduces the toxicity of Fe₃O₄@GO.     

Plasmonic Superparamagnetic SPION@Ag@chitosan Core-shell: Uptake and Nitric Oxide Inhibition by Colorectal Cell Lines

Using Fusarium oxysporum species (F. oxysporum), a green synthesis of super-paramagnet iron oxide @silver@ Chitosan (SPION@Ag@Cs) was achieved. The physico-chemical characteristics of the SPION@Ag@Cs nanocomposite revealed the development of superparamagnetic phases of iron oxide (Fe₂O₃), as well as fluorescence, Raman absorption, and biocompatibility. Drug and gene delivery, and diagnosis, are all possibilities for the nanocomposite. The uptake of nitric oxide by HT-29 colorectal cell lines is examined in this article, for up to 72 h, the cytotoxicity of the HCT116 cell line was investigated. These characteristics were compared to Streptomyces griseus fungal species (S. griseus) which develops Fe₃O₄ under the same preparation conditions.

     

Glass-Ceramics from Trachyte Rock- Limestone or Magnesite

Silicon - Inexpensive sintered glass-ceramic glaze was prepared from a mixture of Egyptian trachyte with either limestone or magnesite. A represented trachyte rock was pulverized to powder...     

Propagation of Short Pulses in Dispersion-Engineered Silicon Nanowires: Impact of Chirp Parameter

Silicon - In this paper, we investigate the propagation of short pulses in dispersion-engineered silicon nanowires via solving nonlinear Schrödinger equation (NLSE) using the split-step...