基础化学实验室“三废”的绿色化回收与处理

基础化学实验室是高校上课人数多、容易产生污染和安全事故的地方,如何减少或者尽量消除化学污染和安全隐患,是实验教学人员应该重视的新课题。文章重点探讨了实现化学实验室绿色化的安全举措以及三废回收与处理措施。     

LaBaCoFeO5+δ-Ce0.8Sm0.2O1.9复合阴极的电化学性能研究

采用固相反应法合成中温固体氧化物燃料电池的LaBaCoFeO5+δ阴极粉末,研究不同煅烧温度对晶体结构的影响.将等量的LaBaCoFeO5+δ和Ce0.8 Sm0.2 O1.9电解质粉末通过机械混合和煅烧制备成LaBaCoFeO5+δ-Ce0.8 Sm0.2 O1.9复合阴极粉末.研究了复合阴极粉末的化学相容性、粒度分布、热膨胀和电化学性能.结果表明,LaBaCoFeO5+δ固相反应的最佳温度为1200℃,LaBaCoFeO5+δ和Ce0.8 Sm0.2 O1.9之间没有发生明显的反应,复合阴极粉末的中位径D50为2.441μm.LaBaCoFeO5+δ-Ce0.8 Sm0.2 O1.9复合阴极比LaBaCoFeO5+δ阴极组成的单电池在800℃的极化电阻下降了约48.7％,而最大输出功率密度提高了约82.5％,表现出更好的电化学性能.     

PIPD/Cu2 纳米纤维气凝胶的制备及性能

以聚(2,5-二羟基-1,4-苯撑吡啶并二咪唑)(PIPD)为基体、三氟乙酸(TFA)和甲烷磺酸(MSA)为混酸,通过混酸剥离-去质子化诱导凝胶-冷冻干燥-惰性气氛高温处理制备出PIPD纳米纤维气凝胶.对PIPD纳米纤维气凝胶的形貌和结构进行表征,结果表明,混酸法制备PIPD纳米纤维气凝胶过程中,强质子酸破环了PIPD纤维的晶区和取向,PIPD主体的化学结构未发生明显变化.制得的PIPD纳米纤维气凝胶具有蜂窝孔结构、低密度(6.90～15.2 mg/cm3)和高孔隙率(99.1％～99.6％).当PIPD含量(以MSA和TFA总质量为基准,下同)不高于1％时,PIPD纳米纤维气凝胶无明显收缩.惰性氛围高温处理使PIPD纳米纤维气凝胶具有弹性.水平垂直燃烧、极限氧指数(LOI)、导热系数测试表明,PIPD含量为0.5％的纳米纤维气凝胶达到不可燃水平(UL-94,V-0级),LOI高达49.2％,100℃下低热传导性〔导热系数为0.052 W/(m·K)〕.此外,引入Cu2+配位交联网络提高PIPD纳米纤维气凝胶的压缩应力,增强后气凝胶的压缩应力是初始PIPD纳米纤维气凝胶的约16倍.     

Optimization of sensitizer concentration for upconversion photoluminescence of Yb3+/Er3+: La10W22O81 nanophosphor rods

Yb³⁺/Er³⁺codoped La₁₀W₂₂O₈₁ (LWO) nanophosphor rods have been successfully synthesized by a facile hydrothermal assisted solid state reaction method, and their upconversion photoluminescence properties were systematically studied. X-ray diffraction patterns revealed that the nanophosphors have an orthorhombic structure with space group Pbcn (60). A microflowers-like morphology with irregular hexagonal nanorods was observed using field emission scanning electron microscopy for the Yb³⁺(2 mol%)/Er³⁺(2 mol%):LWO nanophosphor. The shape and size of the nanophosphor and the elements along with their ionic states in the material were confirmed by TEM and XPS studies, respectively. A green upconversion emission was observed in the Er³⁺: LWO nanophosphors under 980 nm laser excitation. A significant improvement in upconversion emission has been observed in the Er³⁺: LWO nanophosphors by increasing the Er³⁺ ion concentration. A decrease in the upconversion emission occurred due to concentration quenching when the doping concentration of Er³⁺ ions was greater than 2 mol%. An optimized Er³⁺(2 mol%): LWO nanophosphor exhibited a strong near infrared emission at 1.53 μm by 980 nm excitation. The green upconversion emission of Er³⁺(2 mol%): LWO was remarkably enhanced by co-doping with Yb³⁺ ions under 980 nm excitation because of energy transfer from Yb³⁺ to Er³⁺. The naked eye observed this upconversion emission when co-doping with 2 mol% Yb³⁺. In order to obtain the high upconversion green emission, the optimized sensitizer concentration of Yb³⁺ ions was found to be 2 mol%. The upconversion emission trends were studied as a function of stimulating laser power for an optimized sample. Moreover, the NIR emission intensity has also been enhanced by co-doping with Yb³⁺ ions due to energy transfer from Yb³⁺ to Er³⁺. The energy transfer dynamics were systematically elucidated by energy level scheme. Colorimetric coordinates were determined for Er³⁺ and Yb³⁺/Er³⁺: LWO nanophosphors. The energy transfer mechanism was well explained and substantiated by several fluorescence dynamics of upconversion emission spectra and CIE coordinates. The results demonstrated that the co-doped Yb³⁺(2 mol%)/Er³⁺(2 mol%): LWO nanophosphor material is found to be a suitable candidate for the novel upconversion photonic devices.     

Investigation of the temperature homogeneity of die melt flows in polymer extrusion

Polymer extrusion is fundamental to the processing of polymeric materials and melt flow temperature homogeneity is a major factor which influences product quality. Undesirable thermal conditions can cause problems such as melt degradation, dimensional instability, weaknesses in mechanical/optical/geometrical properties, and so forth. It has been revealed that melt temperature varies with time and with radial position across the die. However, the majority of polymer processes use only single‐point techniques whose thermal measurements are limited to the single point at which they are fixed. Therefore, it is impossible for such techniques to determine thermal homogeneity across the melt flow. In this work, an extensive investigation was carried out into melt flow thermal behavior of the output of a single extruder with different polymers and screw geometries over a wide range of processing conditions. Melt temperature profiles of the process output were observed using a thermocouple mesh placed in the flow and results confirmed that the melt flow thermal behavior is different at different radial positions. The uniformity of temperature across the melt flow deteriorated considerably with increase in screw rotational speed while it was also shown to be dependent on process settings, screw geometry, and material properties. Moreover, it appears that the effects of the material, machine, and process settings on the quantity and quality of the process output are heavily coupled with each other and this may cause the process to be difficult to predict and variable in nature. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 54:2430–2440, 2014. © 2013 Society of Plastics Engineers     

Rare Variants in Genes Encoding MuRF1 and MuRF2 Are Modifiers of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

Modifier genes contribute to the diverse clinical manifestations of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), but are still largely unknown. Muscle ring finger (MuRF) proteins are a class of muscle-specific ubiquitin E3-ligases that appear to modulate cardiac mass and function by regulating the ubiquitin-proteasome system. In this study we screened all the three members of the MuRF family, MuRF1, MuRF2 and MuRF3, in 594 unrelated HCM patients and 307 healthy controls by targeted resequencing. Identified rare variants were confirmed by capillary Sanger sequencing. The prevalence of rare variants in both MuRF1 and MuRF2 in HCM patients was higher than that in control subjects (MuRF1 13/594 (2.2%) vs. 1/307 (0.3%), p = 0.04; MuRF2 22/594 (3.7%) vs. 2/307 (0.7%); p = 0.007). Patients with rare variants in MuRF1 or MuRF2 were younger (p = 0.04) and had greater maximum left ventricular wall thickness (p = 0.006) than those without such variants. Mutations in genes encoding sarcomere proteins were present in 19 (55.9%) of the 34 HCM patients with rare variants in MuRF1 and MuRF2. These data strongly supported that rare variants in MuRF1 and MuRF2 are associated with higher penetrance and more severe clinical manifestations of HCM. The findings suggest that dysregulation of the ubiquitin-proteasome system contributes to the pathogenesis of HCM.     

WNT16B from Ovarian Fibroblasts Induces Differentiation of Regulatory T Cells through β-Catenin Signal in Dendritic Cells

Treatment for cancer can induce a series of secreted factors into the tumor microenvironment, which can affect cancer progression. Wingless-type MMTV (mouse mammary tumor virus) integration site 16B (WNT16B) is a new member of the WNT family and has been reported to play growth-related roles in previous studies. In this study, we found WNT16B could be expressed and secreted into the microenvironment by human ovarian fibroblasts after DNA damage-associated treatment, including chemotherapy drugs and radiation. We also demonstrated that fibroblast-derived WNT16B could result in accumulation of β-catenin in dendritic cells and secretion of interleukin-10 (IL-10) and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β), which contributed to the differentiation of regulatory T cells in a co-culture environment. These results shed light on the roles of WNT16B in immune regulation, especially in regard to cancer treatment.     

Flavonoids from Machilus japonica Stems and Their Inhibitory Effects on LDL Oxidation

Stems of Machilus japonica were extracted with 80% aqueous methanol (MeOH) and the concentrated extract was successively extracted with ethyl acetate (EtOAc), normal butanol (n-BuOH), and water. Six flavonoids were isolated from the EtOAc fraction: (+)-taxifolin, afzelin, (−)-epicatechin, 5,3''-di-O-methyl-(−)-epicatechin, 5,7,3''-tri-O-methyl-(−)-epicatechin, and 5,7-di-O-methyl-3'',4''-methylenedioxyflavan-3-ol. The chemical structures were identified using spectroscopic data including NMR, mass spectrometry and infrared spectroscopy. This is the first report of isolation of these six compounds from M. japonica. The compounds were evaluated for their diphenyl picryl hydrazinyl scavenging activity and inhibitory effects on low-density lipoprotein oxidation. Compounds 1 and 3–6 exhibited DPPH antioxidant activity equivalent with that of ascorbic acid, with half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) values of 0.16, 0.21, 0.17, 0.15 and 0.07 mM, respectively. The activity of compound 1 was similar to the positive control butylated hydroxytoluene, which had an IC₅₀ value of 1.9 µM, while compounds 3 and 5 showed little activity. Compounds 1, 3, and 5 exhibited LDL antioxidant activity with IC₅₀ values of 2.8, 7.1, and 4.6 µM, respectively.