Original article: Incorporations of blueberry extracts into soybean‐protein‐isolate film preserve qualities of packaged lard

The effect of blueberry‐extract incorporation into soybean‐protein‐isolate edible film on the quality of packaged lard was compared with vitamin E or butylated hydroxyl anisole (BHA) incorporations individually during the storage at 36 °C and relative humidity of 40% for 5 weeks. Blueberry‐extract incorporations into soybean‐protein‐isolate film showed a greater tensile strength, lower water vapour permeability and lower oxygen permeability than vitamin E or BHA incorporations individually. On the other hand, the antioxidant capacity of soybean‐protein‐isolate film incorporated with the blueberry extract was greater than that incorporated with vitamin E and similar to that incorporated with BHA. Moreover, soybean‐protein‐isolate film incorporated with the blueberry extract showed a greater capacity to delay the lard hydrolysis than that incorporated with BHA, and a similar capacity to that incorporated with vitamin E. Consequently, blueberry‐extract incorporations into soybean‐protein‐isolate film not only improved mechanical and barrier properties, but also delayed the oxidation and hydrolysis of packaged lard. Therefore, blueberry‐extract incorporations into soybean‐protein‐isolate films have potential as a packaging material which will preserve the qualities of stored lard.     

Effects of chitosan coating on oxidative stress in bruised Yali pears (Pyrus bretschneideri Rehd.)

The protective effects of chitosan on oxidative stress in bruised Yali pears (Pyrus bretschneideri Rehd.) were investigated. The fruit were treated with 1.5% chitosan before or after damage, respectively, and then stored at 16 °C and 90% relative humidity. Postharvest quality, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidant enzymes were analysed. Results showed that bruise induced the accumulation of H₂O₂ and O^2?. However, chitosan treatments reduced the levels of ROS and delayed the decease of glutathione (GSH) content in bruised fruit. Meanwhile, activities of antioxidant enzymes, including catalase, peroxidases, superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase or GSH reductase was 40.7%, 98.1%, 62.3%, 127.8% or 23.8% higher in chitosan‐bruised fruit and 41.1%, 80.8%, 18.5%, 102.9% or 45.2%, respectively, higher in bruised‐chitosan fruit than untreated bruised fruit on the 15th day.     

Recent advances in phosphorylation of food proteins: A review

Phosphorylation is a useful method for improving the functional properties of food proteins. In this article, various methods of phosphorylation are reviewed. Dry-heating phosphorylation, a method developed recently, is also introduced. Some characteristics of phosphate groups are involved, and the effects of phosphorylation on the structural changes, the functional properties, and the physiological functions in vitro of food proteins, are discussed. The types of phosphate linkages and the phosphopeptides from phosphorylated proteins are identified. The molten (partially unfolded) conformations of food proteins formed by phosphorylation are discussed. The phosphorylation of food proteins improved a number of functional properties, including heat stability, emulsifying properties, foaming properties, gelling properties, water absorption capacity, oil absorption capacity, and calcium phosphate-solubilizing ability. In vitro physiological function studies of protein (α-lactoalbumin) indicated that the digestibility (ovalbumin) was improved and the inflammatory response (α-lactoalbumin) was suppressed by phosphorylation. Experiments with animals are necessary to evaluate the toxicity and physiological functions of phosphorylated proteins.     

环艺专业基础教学中创造性思维培养的缺失

通过"创造性思维的测试"证明环境艺术设计的基础教学体系所采用的契斯恰可夫教学体系存在创造性思维训练的缺失,从而影响了艺术设计专业教学质量,对其进行创新性的改造能够使契斯哈可夫教学体系更好的为设计教学服务。     

Quality enhancement in fresh and frozen lingcod (Ophiodon elongates) fillets by employment of fish oil incorporated chitosan coatings

The 3% chitosan solutions incorporating 10% fish oil (w/w chitosan, containing 91.2% EPA and DHA) with or without the addition of 0.8% vitamin E were prepared. Fresh lingcod (Ophiodon elongates) fillets were vacuum-impregnated in coating solution at 100 mm Hg for 10 min followed by atmospheric restoration for 15 min, dried, and then stored at 2 °C or −20 °C for 3-weeks and 3-months, respectively, for physicochemical and microbial quality evaluation. Chitosan–fish oil coating increased total lipid and omega-3 fatty acid contents of fish by about 3-fold, reduced TBARS values in both fresh and frozen samples, and also decreased drip loss of frozen samples by 14.1–27.6%. Chitosan coatings resulted in 0.37–1.19 and 0.27–1.55 log CFU/g reductions in total plate and psychrotrophic counts in cold stored and frozen stored samples, respectively. Chitosan–fish oil coatings may be used to extend shelf-life and fortify omega-3 fatty acid in lean fish.     

Phenolic compounds from the leaves of Cyclocarya paliurus (Batal.) Ijinskaja and their inhibitory activity against PTP1B

Phenolic compounds were separated from the leaves of Cyclocarya paliurus (Batal.) Ijinskaja and their bioactivities were evaluated through an in vitro PTP1B inhibitory assay. Bioassay-guided fractionation of the ethanol extract has resulted in the isolation of a naphthoquinone derivative, (1R, 2R, 4R)-1,2,4-trihydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-naphthalene-1-O-β-d-glucopyranoside, named cyclonoside A, and a lactone, (4R, 5S, 6R)-8,9,10-trihydroxy-4-[3′,4′-dihydroxyphenyl]-1,6-dioxaspiro[4,5]decan-2-one, named cyclospirolide, along with 10 known phenolic compounds: quercetin-3-O-α-d-glucuronide, quercetin-3-O-β-d-glucuronide, myricetin-3-O-β-d-glucuronide, 1-caffeoylquinic acid, 3-caffeoylquinic acid, 4-caffeoylquinic acid, 5-caffeoylquinic acid, caffeic acid, 5-hydroxynaphthalene-1, 4-di-O-β-d-glucopyranoside and piceid. The structures of these compounds were established by means of spectroscopic methods including extensive 2D NMR techniques and chemical evidence. Among all the compounds, 1, 2, 4, 5, 10 and 11 showed strong inhibition against PTP1B, with IC₅₀ values ranging from 1.922 ± 0.480 to 10.50 ± 2.67 μg/mL. The results suggested that the extract from this plant could be used as a potential source for functional food ingredient with anti-obesity.     

Development and validation of a UPLC–ELSD method for fast simultaneous determination of five bile acid derivatives in Calculus Bovis and its medicinal preparations

A reverse phase ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with evaporative light scattering detection (UPLC–ELSD) method was successfully established for simultaneous determination of five bile acid derivatives in Calculus Bovis and its medicinal preparations using a Waters Acquity UPLC T3 C₁₈ column (2.1 × 50 mm, 1.8 μm) with gradient elution of 0.2% aqueous formic acid and acetonitrile. The influence of liquid flow-rate and column temperature, gas flow-rate and drift tube temperature on resolution was investigated to get the optimized parameters and conditions. This method was validated according to the regulatory guidelines with respect to precision, accuracy and linearity. Under optimum conditions, the five analytes were baseline separated in 11 min with detection and quantification limits ranged in 3.0–6.0 ng and 6.0–18.0 ng, respectively, which provided about a twofold reduction in analysis time and good efficiency and sensitivity by comparing a conventional high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method.     

生物沸石滤池深度处理造纸废水的挂膜实验

采用生物沸石滤池深度处理麦草制浆造纸废水,研究其挂膜启动过程,以及对有机物、SS的去除效果及影响因素。结果表明:在表面负荷为0.24m3·(m2·h)-1,有机负荷为0.144kgBOD·(m3·d)-1,水力停留时间为5h的条件下,对CODCr和SS的去除率分别为60%和90%。     

Understanding short-chain fatty acids accumulation enhanced in waste activated sludge alkaline fermentation: kinetics and microbiology

Most of the studies on sewage sludge treatment in literature were conducted for methane generation under acidic or near neutral pH conditions. It was reported in our previous studies that the accumulation of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), the preferred carbon source of biological wastewater nutrient removal, was significantly enhanced when sludge was fermented under alkaline conditions, but the optimal pH was temperature-dependent (pH 10 at ambient temperature, pH 9 at mesophilic, and pH 8 at thermophilic), and the maximal SCFAs yields were in the following order: thermophilic pH 8 > mesophilic pH 9 > ambient pH 10 > ambient uncontrolled pH. In this study the kinetic and microbiological features of waste activated sludge fermented in the range of pH 7-10 were investigated to understand the mechanism of remarkably high SCFAs accumulation under alkaline conditions. The developed sludge alkaline fermentation model could be applied to predicate the experimental data in either batch or semicontinuous sludge alkaline fermentation tests, and the relationships among alkaline pH, kinetic parameters, and SCFAs were discussed. Further analyses with fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and PCR-based 16S rRNA gene clone library indicated that both the ratio of bacteria to archaea and the fraction of SCFAs producer accounting for bacteria were in the sequence of thermophilic pH 8 > mesophilic pH 9 > ambient pH 10 > ambient uncontrolled pH, which was in correspondence with the observed order of maximal SCFAs yields.     

地铁站内乘客使用行为与需求分析

通过对国内地铁使用现状分析研究,地铁基本能够满足城市居民的交通使用需求,并收到良好的效果,但地铁车站室内空间环境与当前国内外成功案例相比较存在一定问题,地铁站内乘客使用行为呈现多样性,以致忽视对大部分乘客某些需求的重视度,如导向性需求、快速性需求、舒适性需求等。