Discoloration of a red cationic dye by supported TiO(2) photocatalysis

The degradation under UV, visible and sunlight irradiation of C.I. Basic Red 46 (BR 46) dye used for acrylic fibers dyeing has been studied in a lab-scale continuous system with two different immobilized TiO(2) systems. Catalyst I was based on TiO(2) particles deposited on cellulose fibers; Catalyst II combined TiO(2) particles deposited on a layer of cellulose fibers (as in Catalyst I) with a layer of carbon fibers and finally a layer of cellulose fibers. The treatment of aqueous dye solutions and industrial wastewater contaminated with the same dye has been evaluated in terms of color removal and chemical oxygen demand (COD) decrease. With UV light, aqueous solutions containing dye were decolorized slightly more rapidly with Catalyst II than with Catalyst I. Sunlight was also very effective and experiments involving sunlight irradiation showed Catalyst II to be the more efficient, giving more than 90% discoloration after 20 min of treatment. Comparing the discoloration yield by adsorption or under visible light for both catalysts, it was observed that the difference between them is below 5%. The adsorption kinetics was found to follow a second-order rate law for Catalyst I and a first-order rate law for Catalyst II. The kinetics of photocatalytic degradation under UV or sunlight were found to follow a first-order rate law for both catalytic systems. Under sunlight the COD removal yield for textile wastewater reaches 33% with Catalyst I against 93% with Catalyst II.     

对有各种形状和不同尺寸的缺陷的高强度钢试样疲劳裂纹起裂的研究

本文利用35NCD 16和35CD4型号高强度钢的ASTMT15型试样的试验研究了疲劳裂纹起裂的问题。试样具有底部半径为0.07—1毫米的机加工缺口。在本研究中,所使用的测量仪器可以测试扩展平面范围为几个平方毫米的表面裂纹。为了确定裂纹起裂阶段时间,我们力求用下述不同参数表征缺口底部金属的性能: (1)来自断裂力学概念的ΔK2~(1/P),它能集中地表达裂纹发生时间的数据。 (2)紐伯提出的公式中的缺口效应系数K_f。最有明显作用的参数是从所研究的材料低周疲劳性能的实验所确定的参数。相应于一个给定的裂纹起裂时间的标称应力数值而言已知相差近±10％,这相当于理论时间和实验数据之间的比值,对于给定的标称应力其比值变化范围为1～2。最后,我们研究了金相组织对裂纹起裂时间的影响,特别是残余奥氏体的存在对裂纹起裂时间的影响。     

Passive Q switching of a solar-pumped Nd:YAG laser

Passive Q switching is a preferable choice for switching the Q factor of a solar-pumped laser because it requires neither a driver nor an electrical power supply. The superior thermal characteristics and durability of Cr(4+):YAG single crystals as passive Q switches for lamp and diode-pumped high-power lasers has been demonstrated. Here we report on an average power of 37 W and a switching efficiency of 80% obtained by use of a solar-pumped Nd:YAG laser Q switched by a Cr(4+):YAG saturable absorber. Concentration of the pumping solar energy on the laser crystal was obtained with a three-stage concentrator, composed of 12 heliostats, a three-dimensional compound parabolic concentrator (CPC) and a two-dimensional CPC. The water-cooled passive Q switch also served as the laser rear mirror. Repetition rates of as much as 50 kHz, at pulse durations between 190 and 310 ns (FWHM) were achieved. From the experimental results, the saturated single-pass power absorption of the Cr(4+):YAG device was estimated as 3 ? 1%.     

An in vivo Evaluation of Ultra-fine Grained Titanium Implants

The present work focuses mainly on an in vivo evaluation of ultra fine grained titanium(UFG-Ti) obtained by severe plastic deformation(SPD).The SPD on commercially produced Grade 2 titanium(Cp-Ti) resulted in the refinement of the grain size by several orders of magnitude.Polished surfaces having similar roughness from both UFG-Ti and Cp-Ti were prepared.In vitro test revealed the presence of fibronectin,which was involved in the attachment of the cells to the substrate.Phase contrast micrographs showed the...     

Atomic scale interface engineering for strain compensated epitaxially grown InAs/AlSb superlattices

This paper presents a systematic investigation of strain compensation schemes for InAs/AlSb superlattices (SLs) on GaSb substrates. Short growth interruptions (soak times) under varying arsenic and/or antimony beam equivalent pressures in InAs/AlSb SLs with exemplary dimensions of about ((2.4/2.4) ± 0.2) nm were investigated to achieve strain compensation. When using uncracked As(4), strain compensation was found to be unaccomplishable unless sub-monolayer AlAs spikes were inserted at the InAs → AlSb interface. In contrast, the supply of cracked As(2) dimers leads directly to the formation of strain compensating AlAs-like interfaces. This mechanism allows various growth sequences for strain compensated superlattices, including soak-time-free and Sb-soak-only SL growth. Each of the two latter approaches yields layers with excellent crystal quality and minimal intermixing at the heterointerfaces as verified by high resolution x-ray diffraction analysis and transmission electron microscopy.     

Introducing Enantioselective Ultrahigh-Pressure Liquid Chromatography (eUHPLC): Theoretical Inspections and Ultrafast Separations on a New Sub-2-μm Whelk-O1 Stationary Phase

A new chiral stationary phase for ultrahigh-pressure liquid chromatography (UHPLC) applications was prepared by covalent attachment of the Whelk-O1 selector to spherical, high-surface-area 1.7-μm porous silica particles. Columns of varying dimensions (lengths of 50, 75, 100, and 150 mm and internal diameters of 3.0 or 4.6 mm) were packed and characterized in terms of permeability, efficiency, retention, and enantioselectivity, using both organic and water-rich mobile phases. A conventional HPLC Whelk-O1 column based on 5.0-μm porous silica particles and packed in a 250 mm × 4.6 mm column was used as a reference. Van Deemter curves, generated with low-molecular-weight solutes on a 100 mm × 4.6 mm column packed with the 1.7-μm particles, showed H(min) (μm) and μ(opt) (mm/s) values of 4.10 and 5.22 under normal-phase and 3.74 and 4.34 under reversed-phase elution conditions. The flat C term of the van Deemter curves observed with the 1.7-μm particles allowed the use of higher-than-optimal flow rates without significant efficiency loss. Kinetic plots constructed from van Deemter data confirmed the ability of the column packed with the 1.7-μm particles to afford subminute separations with good efficiency and its superior performances in the high-speed regime, compared to the column packed with 5.0-μm particles. Resolutions in the time scale of seconds were obtained using a 50-mm-long column in the normal phase or polar organic mode. The intrinsic kinetic performances of 1.7-μm silica particles are retained in the Whelk-O1 chiral stationary phase, clearly demonstrating the potentials of enantioselective UHPLC in terms of high speed, throughput, and resolution.     

Negative weights in network time model

Time does not go backward. A negative duration, such as “time period” at first sight is difficult to interpret. Previous network techniques (CPM/PERT/PDM) did not support negative parameters and/or loops (potentially necessitating recursive calculations) in the model because of the limited computing and data storage capabilities of early computers. Monsieur Roy and John Fondahl implicitly introduced negative weights into network techniques to represent activities with fixed or estimated durations (MPM/PDM). Subsequently, the introduction of negative lead and/or lag times by software developers (IBM) apparently overcome the limitation of not allowing negative time parameters in time model. Referring to general digraph (Event on Node) representation where activities are represented by pairs of nodes and pairwise relative time restrictions are represented by weighted arrows, we can release most restraints in constructing the graph structure (incorporating the dynamic model of the inner logic of time plan), and a surprisingly flexible and handy network model can be developed that provides all the advantages of the abovementioned techniques. This paper aims to review the theoretical possibilities and technical interpretations (and use) of negative weights in network time models and discuss approximately 20 types of time-based restrictions among the activities of construction projects. We focus on pure relative time models, without considering other restrictions (such as calendar data, time-cost trade-off, resource allocation or other constraints).     

纤维素纳米晶体颗粒稳定剂在食品Pickering乳液中的应用

由固体颗粒稳定的Pickering乳液在食品、医药和化妆品领域受到越来越多的关注.具有高纵横比、可再生、可降解和生物相容性等特点的纤维素纳米晶体(CNCs)是一种出色的Pickering乳液稳定剂.综述纤维素纳米晶体的制备流程,重点介绍影响纤维素纳米晶体稳定Pickering乳液的因素,简要介绍CNCs稳定的Picke...