A new generation of sensors based on extraordinary optical transmission

[Reaction: see text]. Plasmonic-based chemical sensing technologies play a key role in chemical, biochemical, and biomedical research, but basic research in this area is still attracting interest. Researchers would like to develop new types of plasmonic nanostructures that can improve the analytical figures of merit, such as detection limits, sensitivity, selectivity, and dynamic range, relative to the commercial systems. They are also tackling issues such as cost, reproducibility, and multiplexing with the goal of providing the best plasmonic-based platform for chemical analysis. In this Account, we will describe recent advances in the optical and spectroscopic properties of nanohole arrays in thin gold films and their applications for chemical sensing. These nanostructures support the unusual phenomenon of "extraordinary optical transmission" (EOT), that is, they are more transparent at certain wavelengths than expected by the classical aperture theory. The EOT is a consequence of surface plasmon (SP) excitations; hence, the resonance should respond to the adsorption of organic molecules. We explored this effect and implemented the integration of the arrays of nanoholes as sensing elements in a microfluidic architecture. We then demonstrated how these devices could be applied in biochemical affinity tests. Arrays of nanoholes offer a small sensing footprint and operate at normal transmission mode, which make them more suitable for miniaturization. This new approach for SPR sensing is more compatible with the lab-on-chip concept and offers the possibility of high-throughput analysis from a single sensing chip. We explored the field localization properties of EOT for surface-enhanced spectroscopy. We could control the enhancement factors for SERS and SEFS by adjusting the geometry of the arrays. The shape of the individual nanoholes offers another handle to tune the enhancement factor for surface-enhanced spectroscopy and SPR sensitivity. Apexes in shaped nanostructures function as optical antennas, focusing the light at extremely small regions at the tips. We observed additional surface enhancement by tuning the apexes' properties. The extra enhancement in these cases originated only from the small number of molecules in the apex regions. The arrays of nanoholes are an exciting new substrate for chemical sensing and enhanced spectroscopy. This class of nanomaterials has the potential to provide a viable alternative to the commercial SPR-based sensors. Further research could exploit this platform to develop nanostructures that support high field localization for single-molecule spectroscopy.     

Effects of peripartum propylene glycol supplementation on nitrogen metabolism, body composition, and gene expression for the major protein degradation pathways in skeletal muscle in dairy cows

Early-lactating dairy cows mobilize body protein to provide amino acids that are directed toward gluconeogenesis and milk protein synthesis. Propylene glycol (PG) is a precursor of ruminal propionate, and feeding PG has been reported to improve energy supply by increasing blood glucose. Our hypothesis was that feeding PG could spare body protein by providing an alternative source of carbon for gluconeogenesis. The major objectives of this study were 1) to delineate the effects of pre- and postpartum PG supplementation in transition dairy cows on whole-body nitrogen balance, urinary 3-methylhistidine (3-MH) excretion, body composition, and gene expression profiles for the major protein degradation pathways in skeletal muscle; and 2) to characterize the changes in body protein metabolism during the periparturient period. Sixteen pregnant cows (7 primiparous and 9 multiparous) were paired based on expected calving dates and then randomly assigned within each pair to either a basal diet (control) or basal diet plus 600 mL/d of PG. Diets were fed twice daily for ad libitum intake, and PG was fed in equal amounts as a top dress from d -7 to d 45. All measurements were conducted at 3 time intervals starting at d -14 ± 5, d 15, and d 38 relative to calving. Propylene glycol had no effect on whole-body N balance, urinary 3-MH excretion, or body composition. However, N balance was lower at d 15 and 38, compared with d -14. Urinary excretion of 3-MH was lower at d -14 than at d 15 and 38. Supplemental PG had no effect on body weight (BW) and all components of empty BW. On average, cows fed both diets mobilized 19 kg of body fat and 14 kg of body protein between d -14 and d 38. Supplemental PG had no effect on mRNA abundance in skeletal muscle for m-calpain, and the 14-kDa ubiquitin-carrier protein E2 (14-kDa E2) and proteasome 26S subunit-ATPase components of the ubiquitin-mediated proteolytic pathway; however, PG supplementation downregulated mRNA expression for μ-calpain at d 15, and tended to downregulate mRNA expression for ubiquitin at d 15 and 38. Relative to calving, mRNA abundance for m- and μ-calpain, ubiquitin, and 14-kDa E2 were greater at d 15 compared with d -14 and d 38. In summary, these results indicate that transitional effects on whole-body metabolism and gene expression for the Ca²⁺-dependent and ubiquitin-mediated proteolytic pathways in skeletal muscle were more pronounced than those elicited by PG supplementation.     

化工供应链协同信息系统的构建研究

化工供应链协同信息平台的建设,使信息在供应链链上迅速流通,实现企业间的资源共享;同时可以实现链上各企业对彼此信息的快速反应,更有利于供应链之间的协调管理,提高整体的竞争力.本文通过对化工供应链协同信息系统的结构的构建和平台的分析,对化工供应链协同的信息系统的构建提出了一些的观点.     

Features of secondary immune response and status of nonspecific resistance of the rat, fed rations with mare's milk, rich in essential fatty acids

The influence of essential fatty acids of mare's milk fat on the immunocompetent system and nonspecific resistance was investigated after 6 and 8 weeks of feeding. Rats were fed with isocaloric purified diets containing 15% of test fat (combination of lard and sunflower oil--in control) which provide the ratio of omega-6/omega-3 fatty acids equal to 0.76. After 6 weeks of feeding an increase of immune responsiveness and nonspecific resistance in the group fed with the diet with mare's milk fat on the 6th day a single immunization of the animals with 5% sheep erythrocyte suspension was noted but that increase of secondary immune responsiveness was not noted after 8 weeks of feeding, an increase of nonspecific resistance is kept.     

Polysaccharide production by kefir grains during whey fermentation

Fermentation of deproteinised whey with kefir grains CIDCA AGK1 was studied focusing on polysaccharide production from lactose. Kefir grains were able to acidify whey at different rates depending on the grain/whey ratio. During fermentation, kefir grains increased their weight and a water-soluble polysaccharide was released to the media. Exopolysaccharide concentration increased with fermentation time, reaching values of 57.2 and 103.4 mg/l after 5 days of fermentation in cultures with 10 and 100 g kefir grains/l, respectively. The polysaccharide fraction quantified after fermentation corresponded to the soluble fraction, because part of the polysaccharide became a component of the grain. Weight of kefir grains varied depending on the time of fermentation. Polysaccharide production was affected by temperature. Although the highest concentration of polysaccharide in the media was observed at 43 degrees C at both grain/whey ratios, the weight of the grains decreased in these conditions. In conclusion, kefir grains were able to acidify deproteinised whey, reducing lactose concentration, increasing their weight and producing a soluble polysaccharide.     

An effective lacticin biopreservative in fresh pork sausage

Lacticin 3147 is a novel heat-stable bacteriocin, produced by Lactococcus lactis DPC 3147, that exhibits a broad-range inhibition spectrum similar to nisin. In this study, the effect of lacticin 3147 and nisin on the shelf life of fresh pork sausage and their ability to control pathogens (Clostridium perfringens DSM 756, Salmonella Kentucky AT1) and nonpathogenic Listeria innocua DPC 1770 was investigated. The following preservative regimens were evaluated, both in broth and sausage systems: (i) 450 ppm of sodium metabisulphite; (ii) 500 IU g(-1) or ml(-1) of nisin, (iii) 2500 arbitary units (AU) g(-1) or ml(-1) of lacticin 3147; (iv) 2% sodium lactate and 500 IU of nisin; (v) 2% sodium citrate and 500 IU g(-1) or ml(-1) of nisin; (vi) 2% sodium lactate and 2500 AU g(-1) or ml(-1) of lacticin 3147, (vii) 2% sodium citrate and 2500 AU g(-1) or ml(-1) of lacticin 3147, (viii) 2% sodium lactate, and (ix) 2% sodium citrate. There was no significant difference in the activity of nisin and lacticin 3147 against any of the target strains used, both bacteriocins performing significantly better than sodium metabisulfite against gram-positive strains in broth systems. Trends indicate that the combination of organic acids with either bacteriocin enhanced its activity against Salmonella Kentucky and L. innocua and was particularly effective in the inhibition of C. perfringens in fresh pork sausage. In addition, lacticin 3147 combined with either sodium citrate or sodium lactate maintained significantly lower (P < 0.05) total aerobic plate counts for the duration of the trials and may function as an alternative to sodium metabisulfite in the preservation of fresh pork sausage.     

Effects of antibiotic regimens on the fecal shedding patterns of pigs infected with salmonella typhimurium

An experiment was conducted to determine (i) the effects of antibiotic regimens on the shedding patterns of pigs infected with Salmonella Typhimurium and (ii) whether antibiotic resistance increases the incidence of pathogen shedding. The experiment involved 48 50-day-old pigs challenged with Salmonella Typhimurium and receiving one of four antibiotic regimens including (i) intramuscular injection of ceftiofur sodium followed by inclusion of oxytetracycline in the feed; (ii) apramycin in the feed for 14 days followed by oxytetracycline; (iii) carbadox in the feed until pigs reached 35 kg followed by oxytetracycline; (iv) no antibiotics (control). Fecal samples were collected preinoculation, 2 and 4 days postinoculation (DPI) and at weekly and biweekly intervals thereafter to determine shedding patterns. Salmonella Typhimurium isolates from 2, 4, 7, 21, 42, and 70 DPI were analyzed for antibiotic resistance. A time effect (P < 0.05) was observed, indicating that the proportion of isolates resistant to at least one antibiotic varied over time. Overall resistance was determined to be 46% at 2 DPI and increased significantly (P < .05) thereafter. Treatment x time and antibiotic x time interactions were also observed (P < 0.05) as the percentage of isolates resistant to each test antibiotic increased over time. In no case did the development of antibiotic resistance result in an increased incidence of shedding of the original inoculate. The incidence of shedding was reduced in pigs receiving the apramycin-oxytetracycline treatment, when compared to control pigs; however, no differences were observed between antibiotic treatments.     

FPGA与工业以太网迷津

今天,有超过25种基于以太网的工业通讯系统在市场上共存。工业设备的制造商们需要开发一种解决方案,使用单一硬件平台就可以为多个RTE（实时以太网）协议提供支持。同时,这一平台还应该可以现场更新,在不替换任何硬件的情况下,支持现有协议的新版本甚至是完全不同的协议。     

Sensitivities of ozone and fine particulate matter formation to emissions under the impact of potential future climate change

Impact of climate change alone and in combination with currently planned emission control strategies are investigated to quantify effectiveness in decreasing regional ozone and PM2.5 over the continental U.S. using MM5, SMOKE, and CMAQ with DDM-3D. Sensitivities of ozone and PM2.5 formation to precursor emissions are found to change only slightly in response to climate change. In many cases, mass per ton sensitivities to NO(x) and SO2 controls are predicted to be greater in the future due to both the lower emissions as well as climate, suggesting that current control strategies based on reducing such emissions will continue to be effective in decreasing ground-level ozone and PM2.5 concentrations. SO2 emission controls are predicted to be most beneficial for decreasing summertime PM2.5 levels, whereas controls of NO(x) emissions are effective in winter. Spatial distributions of sensitivities are also found to be only slightly affected assuming no changes in land-use. Contributions of biogenic VOC emissions to PM2.5 formation are simulated to be more important in the future because of higher temperatures, higher biogenic emissions, and lower anthropogenic NO(x) and SO2 emissions.     

PCR method for detection and identification of Lactobacillus casei/paracasei bacteriophages in dairy products

Bacteriophage infections of starter lactic acid bacteria (LAB) pose a serious risk to the dairy industry. Nowadays, the expanding use of valuable Lactobacillus strains as probiotic starters determines an increase in the frequency of specific bacteriophage infections in dairy plants. This work describes a simple and rapid Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) method that detects and identifies bacteriophages infecting Lactobacillus casei/paracasei, the main bacterial species used as probiotic. Based on a highly conserved region of the NTP-binding genes belonging to the replication module of L. casei phages phiA2 and phiAT3 (the only two whose genomes are completely sequenced), a pair of primers was designed to generate a specific fragment. Furthermore, this PCR detection method proved to be a useful tool for monitoring and identifying L. casei/paracasei phages in industrial samples since specific PCR signals were obtained from phage contaminated milk (detection limit: 10(4) PFU/mL milk) and other commercial samples (fermented milks and cheese whey) that include L. casei/paracasei as probiotic starter (detection limit: 10(6) PFU/mL fermented milk). Since this method can detect the above phages in industrial samples and can be easily incorporated into dairy industry routines, it might be readily used to earmark contaminated milk for use in processes that do not involve susceptible starter organisms, or processes which involve phage-deactivating conditions.