Hertzian Stress Cracks in Beryllia and Glass

The effect of Hertzian stresses resulting from loads acting at the points of contact of beryllia spheres was determined. As-drawn glass and glass ground with various grades of silicon carbide were indented with beryllia spheres, 1 in. in diameter. Also, pairs of these beryllia spheres were pressed together. Circular cracks due to Hertzian stresses were produced; an optical technique was developed for detecting them in a beryllia surface. The outer crack radius was proportional to the cube root of the maximum applied load. Average values obtained for the respective inner crack radii were used to determine average values of the minimum load to fracture these materials. The average minimum load to fracture 1 in. diameter beryllia spheres in air at room temperature under dynamic loading was 235 1b. The crack radius in glass and beryllia was about 20% greater than the radius of the contact surface. This was not significantly affected (in glass) by flaw density. It is considered that the Hertz analysis does not give the correct location and value of the maximum tensile stress when finite displacements of material occur.     

Bestimmung von cyclischen Fettsäuren über eine Harnstoffsäule

Determination of Cyclic Fatty Acids on Urea Column Cyclic monomeric fatty acids (CFA) in the mixture of straight chain saturated and unsaturated fatty acids were determined after methylation (CFA-Me) as non-adducts on an urea column. The method gives quantitative results with mixtures containing 5% or more of cyclic fatty acids. The determination is easy and rapid.     

Refractories with a Boron nitride base

Conclusions A technique for the reaction sintering of a new refractory made of 82–83% boron nitride and 17–18% graphite has been developed.The refractory possesses high specific resistance up to 1500–1800°, a low coefficient of thermal expansion, a moderative evaporation rate in a vacuum, satisfactory strength and machinability, as well as high resistance to cryolite-aluminum melts, borate, chloride and also silicide and boron-silicon alloy melts (at between 900 and 2000°).     

Fast Simulation of the Functional Failure of an s – t-Network with Repair

An s – t-network with highly reliable edges with repair and variable external load is considered. A fast simulation method is proposed to evaluate the probability of functional failure when the real capacity of the network is less than the required capacity. It is proved that under some conditions the estimate has a bounded relative error as edges reliability increases. The numerical example illustrates the efficiency of the method.     

Quantitative fatty acid analysis of vegetable oils by gas-liquid chromatography

Summary The fatty acid composition of a number of vegetable oils and of two synthetic mixtures of methyl esters are compared by gas-liquid chromatography and by standard methods. The calculated iodine values from G.L.P.C. results are in good agreement with measured iodine values and are indicative of the reliability of the G.L.P.C. values. Standard methods gave lower values for linoleic acid and higher values for linolenic acid than did G.L.P.C. This deviation was particularly evident in oils with a high proportion of linolenic acid,e.g., linseed oil. The results of G.L.P.C. are considered to be accurate to within one unit percentage. Thermal stability of the polyester polymers can be improved by using 1,4-butanediol or ethylene glycol as the polyols instead of diethylene glycol. Issued as N.R.C. No. 5373. Presented at 32nd annual fall meeting, American Oil Chemists' Society, October 20–22, 1958, Chicago, Ill. National Research Council of Canada Postdoctorate Fellow, 1957     

Influence of genetics,environment and admixtures on low erucic acid rapeseed in Canada

Single plant isolates in theBrassica napus andBrassica campestris species of rapeseed yielded glyceride oil containing small amounts of erucic acid. Agronomically suitable varieties were grown commercially in 1971 as the first phase in a changeover of Canadian rapeseed production from varieties with erucic contents of 20–45% to low erucic acid varieties. A program to monitor the erucic content by gas chromatographic analysis in the stages of production, handling and transportation from seed to export shipment was undertaken to evaluate the effects of genetics, environment and admixture. The individual increase in erucic content ranged from 0.5 to 1.0, resulting in total increases of 1–2%. NRCC No. 13471. One of six papers presented in the symposium “Rapeseed Marketing and Breeding,” AOCS Meeting, Ottawa, September 1972.     

Grafting onto polyester fibers. III. Electrokinetic properties of acrylic acid and acrylonitrile-grafted polyester fibers in the presence of cationic dyes

The electrokinetic properties such as zeta potential, surface charge density, and surface conductivity of polyester fibers grafted with acrylic acid and acrylonitrile were measured when cationic dye solutions were streamed through. The presence of the cationic dyes on the surface of the fibers and their specific adsorption at the carboxylic groups in the acrylic acid graft copolymer produce lowering of zeta potential. The decrease in surface charge density as the percent graft increases is due to the decrease in surface area of the fibers due to the adsorption of the cationic dyes. The same trend is observed with acrylonitrile-grafted fibers. The surface conductivity of the acrylonitrile-grafted polyester fibers increases with increase in dye concentration of the streaming solution. The results for the 27.4% grafted sample differed from those of the 7.32% and 12.1% grafts, which is indicative of the formation of a three-dimensional network causing change in both the physical structure as well as the chemical nature of the surface of the substrate.     

Individual activity coefficients of ionic species from electrochemical measurements on non-isothermal systems

While the mean ionic activity of an electrolyte may be experimentally obtained by means of procedures based on equilibrium thermodynamics, reliable values of individual ionic activities are obtainable only by using procedures in which the electrolyte is not in equilibrium. On of these procedures has been developed by Milazzo et al on the basis of electric-tension measurements of non-isothermal galvanic cells. In this paper a further development of Milazzo's procedure , valid for 1:1-valent electrolytes and at least up to 0.05M, is presented. This procedure has the advantage that it does not imply any theoretical hypothesis, being based only on two experimental conclusions concerning the heats of transfer Q^*_tot of 1:1-valent electrolytes in the concentration range up to 0.05M: the additivity rule (Q^*_tot is equal to the sum of characteristic contributions from the separate ions), and Q^*_tot depends linearly on m^{$\text{1}\text{2}$}/(1 + m^{$\text{1}\text{2}$}).     

Acquired Predator Recognition by Fathead Minnows: Influence of Habitat Characteristics on Survival

In this study we conditioned fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) to recognize the odor of a perch (Perca flavescens) by exposing them to perch odor coupled with minnow alarm cue. We then staged encounters between the predator and prey in order to assess whether the predator odor training had any effect on survival of the prey. We tested for a survival effect in the presence and absence of shelter. Our results indicate that fish trained with alarm signals to recognize predators gained a survival benefit during staged encounters with a predator and that habitat characteristics influenced the survival of conditioned fish.     

High-Temperature Thermophysical Properties of Zirconium Carbide

An apparatus based on the method of Jain and Krishnan was developed for property measurements in the temperature range from measurable radiant emission to the thermal stability limit of metallic materials. Apparatus and experimental techniques for cylindrical specimens with length-to-diameter ratios >4 are described. The theory of the method is reviewed, practical formulations are developed, and error sources are analyzed. The following properties were determined for zirconium carbide in the range 1000° to 2500°K: thermal conductivity, spectral thermal emittance at 0.65μ spectral thermal emittance at 0.65μ as a function of time in vacuum, electrical resistivity, and total thermal emittance. A compilation of experimental values for other physical properties of ZrC is given.