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排序方式: 共有425条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
31.
The Capacitated Arc Routing Problem (CARP) stands among the hardest combinatorial problems to solve or to find high quality solutions. This becomes even more true when dealing with large instances. This paper investigates methods to improve on lower and upper bounds of instances on graphs with over 200 vertices and 300 edges, dimensions that, today, can be considered of large scale. On the lower bound side, we propose to explore the speed of a dual ascent heuristic to generate capacity cuts. These cuts are next improved with a new exact separation enchained to the linear program resolution that follows the dual heuristic. On the upper bound, we implement a modified Iterated Local Search procedure to Capacitated Vehicle Routing Problem (CVRP) instances obtained by applying a transformation from the CARP original instances. Computational experiments were carried out on the set of large instances generated by Brandão and Eglese and also on the regular size sets. The experiments on the latter allow for evaluating the quality of the proposed solution approaches, while those on the former present improved lower and upper bounds for all instances of the corresponding set. 相似文献
32.
Luca Massimiliano Capisani Tullio Facchinetti Antonella Ferrara Alessandro Martinelli 《Journal of Intelligent and Robotic Systems》2013,71(2):159-178
Trajectory planning and tracking are crucial tasks in any application using robot manipulators. These tasks become particularly challenging when obstacles are present in the manipulator workspace. In this paper a n-joint planar robot manipulator is considered and it is assumed that obstacles located in its workspace can be approximated in a conservative way with circles. The goal is to represent the obstacles in the robot configuration space. The representation allows to obtain an efficient and accurate trajectory planning and tracking. A simple but effective path planning strategy is proposed in the paper. Since path planning depends on tracking accuracy, in this paper an adequate tracking accuracy is guaranteed by means of a suitably designed Second Order Sliding Mode Controller (SOSMC). The proposed approach guarantees a collision-free motion of the manipulator in its workspace in spite of the presence of obstacles, as confirmed by experimental results. 相似文献
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A motor-driven, spherical probe controlled by a handheld calculator and a microprocessor developed to measure the force and probe travel distance needed to break individual snow surface elements was tested for consistency and reliability. Consistency tests were run on automatic pencil leads; reliability tests on ice rods. Both proved satisfactory. Tests on two man-made snow surfaces showed the probe capable of measuring the strength of individual snow surface elements. Brittle failure occurred in such elements at loads varying from 0.200 to 174.631 grams (median 11.560 grams) for 118 samples. Probe travel distance varied from 0.003 to 0.099 mm (median 0.017 mm). The load needed to cause the first break was less than 1 gram for 21 (18%) of the samples. 相似文献
36.
Dr. Ing. M. Andriollo Prof. Ing. G. Martinelli Dr. Ing. M. F. Moisio Prof. Ing. A. Morini 《Electrical Engineering (Archiv fur Elektrotechnik)》1989,72(5):333-339
Contents The paper describes an analytical three-dimensional method which allows the determination of the propulsion force produced by air core long stator linear synchronous motors in EDS-MAGLEV transport systems, using super-conducting coils both for motor field winding and for vehicle levitation. The method, which allows to take into account the finite thickness of the coils, is based on the variation of the magnetic energy stored in the field and armature (over-lapped or non-overlapped) windings of the motor. The application of the method to an experimental Japanese prototype gives good concordance with the experimental data.
Berechnung der Antriebskraft bei EDM-MAGLEV Beförderungssystemen mit supraleitenden Spulen
Übersicht Im Artikel wird ein analytisch-dreidimensionales Verfahren beschrieben, das die Berechnung der Antriebskraft erlaubt, die bei überschnellen Beförderungssystemen wie EDS-MAGLEV durch lineare Langstator-Synchronmotoren entsteht, wobei Supraleitungsspulen sowohl zur Motorerregung als auch zur magnetischen Levitation des Fahrzeuges verwendet werden. Das Verfahren berücksichtigt die endliche Spulendicke und geht aus von der Änderung der magnetischen Energie, die in den Anker- und Erregerwicklungen (Zylinder- sowie Wellenwicklungen) des Motors gespeichert ist. Die Werte der Antriebskraft, die durch die Anwendung dieses Verfahrens auf einen in Japan ausgeführten Experimentalprototyp ermittelt werden, weisen eine gute Übereinstimmung mit den experimentellen Werten auf.相似文献
37.
Ammonium based protic ionic liquids are highlighted for their great potential to sustain proton transport in proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells. Yet, there remain questions concerning the effect of water produced by the fuel cell at the cathode side on the performance of the ionic liquid. In this contribution we report the effect of water on the transport properties and the local coordination in the binary system of the protic ionic liquid diethylmethylammonium methanesulfonate ([DEMA][OMs]) and water, employing 1H NMR, Raman, and infrared spectroscopy. We observe that the self‐diffusion of cations and anions increases with the water content and that cations and anions diffuse at the same rate at all concentrations investigated. 1H NMR and vibrational spectroscopy, on the other hand, indicate that added water interacts primarily with the anion and slightly affects the ionicity of the ionic liquid. In addition, by investigating the thermal stability of the binary system we find that although [DEMA][OMs] displays a continuous loss of water upon increasing temperature a fraction of water molecules can be retained even above 120 °C, and that the complete loss of water is immediately followed by decomposition, which is observed to occur at about 185 °C. 相似文献
38.
Karin Pichler Stefan Fischerauer Peter Ferlic Elisabeth Martinelli Hans-Peter Brezinsek Peter J. Uggowitzer Jörg F. Löffler Annelie-Martina Weinberg 《JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society》2014,66(4):573-579
The use of biodegradable magnesium implants in pediatric trauma surgery would render surgical interventions for implant removal after tissue healing unnecessary, thereby preventing stress to the children and reducing therapy costs. In this study, we report on the immunological response to biodegradable magnesium implants—as an important aspect in evaluating biocompatibility—tested in a growing rat model. The focus of this study was to investigate the response of the innate immune system to either fast or slow degrading magnesium pins, which were implanted into the femoral bones of 5-week-old rats. The main alloying element of the fast-degrading alloy (ZX50) was Zn, while it was Y in the slow-degrading implant (WZ21). Our results demonstrate that degrading magnesium implants beneficially influence the immune system, especially in the first postoperative weeks but also during tissue healing and early bone remodeling. However, rodents with WZ21 pins showed a slightly decreased phagocytic ability during bone remodeling when the degradation rate reached its maximum. This may be due to the high release rate of the rare earth-element yttrium, which is potentially toxic. From our results we conclude that magnesium implants have a beneficial effect on the innate immune system but that there are some concerns regarding the use of yttrium-alloyed magnesium implants, especially in pediatric patients. 相似文献
39.
J. Hofstetter M. Becker E. Martinelli A. M. Weinberg B. Mingler H. Kilian S. Pogatscher P. J. Uggowitzer J. F. Löffler 《JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society》2014,66(4):566-572
This article deals with the development of fine-grained high-strength low-alloy (HSLA) magnesium alloys intended for use as biodegradable implant material. The alloys contain solely low amounts of Zn and Ca as alloying elements. We illustrate the development path starting from the high-Zn-containing ZX50 (MgZn5Ca0.25) alloy with conventional purity, to an ultrahigh-purity ZX50 modification, and further to the ultrahigh-purity Zn-lean alloy ZX10 (MgZn1Ca0.3). It is shown that alloys with high Zn-content are prone to biocorrosion in various environments, most probably because of the presence of the intermetallic phase Mg6Zn3Ca2. A reduction of the Zn content results in (Mg,Zn)2Ca phase formation. This phase is less noble than the Mg-matrix and therefore, in contrast to Mg6Zn3Ca2, does not act as cathodic site. A fine-grained microstructure is achieved by the controlled formation of fine and homogeneously distributed (Mg,Zn)2Ca precipitates, which influence dynamic recrystallization and grain growth during hot forming. Such design scheme is comparable to that of HSLA steels, where low amounts of alloying elements are intended to produce a very fine dispersion of particles to increase the material’s strength by refining the grain size. Consequently our new, ultrapure ZX10 alloy exhibits high strength (yield strength R p = 240 MPa, ultimate tensile strength R m = 255 MPa) and simultaneously high ductility (elongation to fracture A = 27%), as well as low mechanical anisotropy. Because of the anodic nature of the (Mg,Zn)2Ca particles used in the HSLA concept, the in vivo degradation in a rat femur implantation study is very slow and homogeneous without clinically observable hydrogen evolution, making the ZX10 alloy a promising material for biodegradable implants. 相似文献
40.
Francesca Martinelli Emanuele Salerno Ivan Gerace Anna Tonazzini 《Pattern recognition》2012,45(1):596-605
In this paper, we approach the removal of back-to-front interferences from scans of double-sided documents as a blind source separation problem, and extend our previous linear mixing model to a more effective nonlinear mixing model. We consider the front and back ideal images as two individual patterns overlapped in the observed recto and verso scans, and apply an unsupervised constrained maximum likelihood technique to separate them. Through several real examples, we show that the results obtained by this approach are much better than the ones obtained through data decorrelation or independent component analysis. As compared to approaches based on segmentation/classification, which often aim at cleaning a foreground text by removing all the textured background, one of the advantages of our method is that cleaning does not alter genuine features of the document, such as color or other structures it may contain. This is particularly interesting when the document has a historical importance, since its readability can be improved while maintaining the original appearance. 相似文献