137Cs in the fungal compartment of Swedish forest soils

The (137)Cs activities in soil profiles and in the mycelia of four ectomycorrhizal fungi were studied in a Swedish forest in an attempt to understand the mechanisms governing the transfer and retention of (137)Cs in forest soil. The biomass of four species of fungi was determined and estimated to be 16 g m(-2) in a peat soil and 47-189 g m(-2) in non-peat soil to the depth of 10 cm. The vertical distribution was rather homogeneous for two species (Tylospora spp. and Piloderma fallax) and very superficial for Hydnellum peckii. Most of the (137)Cs activity in mycelium of non-peat soils was found in the upper 5 cm. Transfer factors were quite high even for those species producing resupinate sporocarps. In the peat soil only approximately 0.3% of the total (137)Cs inventory in soil was found in the fungal mycelium. The corresponding values for non-peat soil were 1.3, 1.8 and 1.9%.     

迷你冷轧--21世纪冷轧技术

21世纪迷你冷轧(Minicold 21^TM)型冷轧厂——体现冷轧高附加值扁平产品的柔性生产概念。为了高效生产冷轧、镀锌以及彩涂扁平产品,达涅利威恩联合公司开发了称为“21世纪迷你冷轧(Minicold 21^TM)”冷轧工艺。其最简单的形式包括1条推拉式酸洗线、1台单机架或双机架可逆冷轧机、批示退火、1台平整机和1台可配置在线彩涂的热浸镀锌。讨论了21世纪迷你冷轧(Minicold 21^TM)型冷轧厂的技术特点并根据预计资本投资和转换成本以及产出产品市场价格进行了经济效益分析。分析说明在大多数情况下大约年产量50万t的冷轧厂能够产生经济效益。     

Combinational system of a truncated ball lens and a hyperbolic lens for collimating a highly divergent source

We propose the use of a truncated ball lens in a collimating system to transform a spherical wave from a highly divergent source into a plane wave. The proposed scheme, which incorporates a hyperbolic lens, is discussed, and the overall system is found to have a large acceptance angle and to be free of spherical aberration. Diffraction and polarization effects are neglected, as well as skew rays.     

Compound parabolic tapered fiber for fiber coupling with a highly divergent source

A novel fiber tapering shape, which is based on compound parabolic geometry, is proposed to increase the acceptance angle of a compound parabolic concentrator. The proposed design is described by use of ray optics on a step-index multimode fiber.     

A statistical approach to model simplification and multiobjective analysis

Evolving national energy supply/demand distribution systems rely, at least in part, on quantifiable factors such as local and national environmental restrictions, resource availability (type, price, and quantity) and the associated transportation infrastructure, the amount and price of capital available to consumers and suppliers of energy, total annualized system cost, including the annualized cost of end-use devices, and the demands for energy and their price/supply responsiveness. The evolution also depends on nonquantifiable factors such as personal, regionally aggregated, or even national “utility functions” and institutional or social barriers. Many models have been formulated which attempt to simulate these complex interactions.This paper describes a systematic statistical methodology for capturing, both visually and quantitatively, the trade-offs between competing quantifiable, differentiable objective functions in a model of the national energy system (Brookhaven Energy System Optimization Model). The aim is to provide decision makers with a more easily understood tool and a more easily defensible methodology on which trade-offs between certain sensitive and competing energy issues can be based. The methodology has the additional advantage of providing insights into the inherent structural relationships of the model (model simplification).     

Continuous analysis of dissolved gaseous mercury (DGM) and mercury flux in two freshwater lakes in Kejimkujik Park,Nova Scotia: evaluating mercury flux models with quantitative data

Diurnal patterns for dissolved gaseous mercury (DGM) concentration, mercury flux, several water variables (pH, oxidation reduction potential (ORP), water temperature), and meteorological variables (wind speed, air temperature, % relative humidity, solar radiation) were measured in two lakes with contrasting dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations in Kejimkujik Park, Nova Scotia. A continuous analysis system made it possible to measure quick changes in DGM over time. Consistently higher DGM concentrations were found in the high DOC lake as compared to the low DOC lake. An examination of current mercury flux models using this quantitative data indicated some good correlations between the date and predicted flux (r ranging from 0.27 to 0.83) but generally poor fit (standard deviation of residuals ranging from 0.97 to 3.39). Cross-correlation analysis indicated that DGM dynamics changed in response to solar radiation with lag-times of 65 and 90 min. This relationship with solar radiation was used to develop new predictive models of DGM and mercury flux dynamics for each lake. We suggest that a generalized approach using time-shifted solar radiation date to predict DGM can be incorporated into existing mercury flux models. It is clear from the work presented that DOC and wind speed may also play important roles in DGM and mercury flux dynamics, and these roles have not been adequately accounted for in current predictive models.     

Experimental and theoretical evidence for the magic angle in transmission electron energy loss spectroscopy

We present experimental measurements of the C K-ELNES of high temperature pyrolysed graphite and related crystalline materials as a function of collection angle and sample tilt. These results together with a corresponding theoretical analysis indicate that the so-called "magic angle" for EELS measurements of an anisotropic crystal such as graphite, where spectra are independent of sample orientation, is approximately two times the characteristic scattering angle. We briefly discuss the implications of this result for the experimental measurement of anisotropic structures, including interfaces, as well as for the detailed modelling of ELNES structures using advanced electronic structure calculations.     

Bearing parameter identification of rotor–bearing system using clustering-based hybrid evolutionary algorithm

A new bearing parameter identification methodology based on global optimization scheme using measured unbalance response of rotor–bearing system is proposed. A new hybrid evolutionary algorithm which is a clustering-based hybrid evolutionary algorithm (CHEA), is proposed for global optimization scheme to improve the convergence speed and global search ability. Clustering of individuals by using a neural network is introduced to evaluate the degree of mature of genetic evolution. After clustering-based genetic algorithm (GA), local search is carried out for each cluster to judge the convexity of each cluster. Finally, random search is adapted for extrasearching to find a potential global candidate, which could be missed in GA and local search. The proposed methodology can identify not only unknown bearing parameters but also unbalance information of disk by simply setting them as unknown parameters. Numerical example and experimental results were used to verify the effectiveness of the proposed methodology.     

Numerical Modeling of Cemented Mine Backfill Deposition

In current underground mining practice, it is common to use tailings, without added cement, to fill mined-out voids (“stopes”). If fine-grained tailings are used, the high placement rates and low permeability can often result in undrained loading conditions and, hence, lower effective stress, when assessed in the conventional manner. Where cement is added, the cement modifies the consolidation characteristics in a number of ways, including increasing the strength and stiffness, reducing the permeability, and inducing volumetric changes associated with the hydration reactions leading to “self-desiccation.” As a result, conventional consolidation-analysis techniques are unsuitable for assessing the behavior. The one-dimensional mine-tailings-consolidation program (MinTaCo) has been modified, and renamed CeMinTaCo, to couple cement hydration with conventional consolidation analysis. The fundamental theory behind the modifications is presented. The model is used to undertake a sensitivity study, which highlights some of the important features of the behavior of cemented backfill, and shows how complex interactions between the various properties produce some outcomes that are counterintuitive.