Construction of VS2/VOx Heterostructure via Hydrolysis-Oxidation Coupling Reaction with Superior Sodium Storage Properties

Heterostructure engineering is one of the most promising modification strategies for reinforcing Na⁺ storage of transition metal sulfides. Herein, based on the spontaneous hydrolysis-oxidation coupling reaction of transition metal sulfides in aqueous media, a VO_x layer is induced and formed on the surface of VS₂, realizing tight combination of VS₂ and VO_x at the nanoscale and constructing homologous VS₂/VO_x heterostructure. Benefiting from the built-in electric field at the heterointerfaces, high chemical stability of VO_x, and high electrical conductivity of VS₂, the obtained VS₂/VO_x electrode exhibits superior cycling stability and rate properties. In particular, the VS₂/VO_x anode shows a high capacity of 878.2 mAh g⁻¹ after 200 cycles at 0.2 A g⁻¹. It also exhibits long cycling life (721.6 mAh g⁻¹ capacity retained after 1000 cycles at 2 A g⁻¹) and ultrahigh rate property (up to 654.8 mAh g⁻¹ at 10 A g⁻¹). Density functional theory calculations show that the formation of heterostructures reduces the activation energy for Na⁺ migration and increases the electrical conductivity of the material, which accelerates the ion/electron transfer and improves the reaction kinetics of the VS₂/VO_x electrode.     

Ultra-Damping Composites Enhanced by Yolk–Shell Piezoelectric Damping Mechanism

High-performance damping materials are significant toward reducing vibration and maintaining stability for industrial applications. Herein, a yolk–shell piezoelectric damping mechanism is reported, which can enhance mechanical energy dissipation and improve damping capability. With the addition of yolk–shell particles and carbon nanotube (CNT) conductive network, damping properties of various resin matrices are enhanced with the energy dissipation path of mechanical to electrical to heat energy. Particularly, the peak loss factor of epoxy composites reaches 1.91 and tan δ area increases by 25.72% at 20 °C. The results prove the general applicability of yolk–shell piezoelectric damping mechanism. Besides, the novel damping materials also exhibit excellent flexibility, stretchability, and resilience, offering a promising application toward damping coating, indicating broad scope of application in transportation and sophisticated electronics, etc.     

Direct Growth of Uniform Bimetallic Core-Shell or Intermetallic Nanoparticles on Carbon via a Surface-Confinement Strategy for Electrochemical Hydrogen Evolution Reaction

Due to the surface inhomogeneity of the solid supports, direct growth of uniform bimetallic nanoparticles (NPs) with controllable structure and size thereon is particularly challenging. Herein, a surface-confinement strategy is reported to directly prepare ultrafine bimetallic Pt M NPs (MFe, Cu, and Co) with structure of core-shell or intermetallic compounds on an N functionalized carbon support (NC). It is found that the N species of NC support can atomically disperse metal cations of precursors, which largely renders uniform nucleation and growth of bimetallic NPs and fine structure modulation of them. In another regard, metal transfer is confined to a narrow region on NC via N-mediation, hence greatly favoring localized particle growth and formation of ultrafine bimetallic NPs. Remarkably, the ultrafine 3.1 ± 0.7 nm intermetallic Pt₃Fe NPs on NC displayed excellent catalytic activity and durability toward electrochemical hydrogen evolution reaction.     

Tetrabutylammonium Bromide Functionalized Ti3C2Tx MXene as Versatile Cathode Buffer Layer for Efficient and Stable Inverted Perovskite Solar Cells

2D Ti₃C₂T_x MXene, possessing facile preparation, high electrical conductivity, flexibility, and solution processability, shows good application potential for enhancing device performance of perovskite solar cells (PVSCs). In this study, tetrabutylammonium bromide functionalized Ti₃C₂T_x (TBAB-Ti₃C₂T_x) is developed as cathode buffer layer (CBL) to regulate the PCBM/Ag cathode interfacial property for the first time. By virtue of the charge transfer from TBAB to Ti₃C₂T_x demonstrated by electron paramagnetic resonance and density functional theory, the TBAB-Ti₃C₂T_x CBL with high electrical conductivity exhibits significantly reduced work function of 3.9 eV, which enables optimization of energy level alignment and enhancement of charge extraction. Moreover, the TBAB-Ti₃C₂T_x CBL can effectively inhibit the migration of iodine ions from perovskite layer to Ag cathode, which synergistically suppresses defect states and reduce charge recombination. Consequently, utilizing MAPbI₃ perovskite without post-treatment, the TBAB-Ti₃C₂T_x based device exhibits a dramatically improved power conversion efficiency of 21.65% with significantly improved operational stability, which is one of the best efficiencies reported for the devices based on MAPbI₃/PCBM with different CBLs. These results indicate that TBAB-Ti₃C₂T_x shall be a promising CBL for high-performance inverted PVSCs and inspire the further applications of quaternary ammonium functionalized MXenes in PVSCs.     

Comprehensively Strengthened Metal-Oxygen Bonds for Reversible Anionic Redox Reaction

Introducing anionic redox in layered oxides is an effective approach to breaking the capacity limit of conventional cationic redox. However, the anionic redox reaction generally suffers from excessive oxidation of lattice oxygen to O₂ and O₂ release, resulting in local structural deterioration and rapid capacity/voltage decay. Here, a Na_0.71Li_0.22Al_0.05Mn_0.73O₂ (NLAM) cathode material is developed by introducing Al³⁺ into the transition metal (TM) sites. Thanks to the strong Al–O bonding strength and small Al³⁺ radius, the TMO₂ skeleton and the holistic TM–O bonds in NLAM are comprehensively strengthened, which inhibits the excessive lattice oxygen oxidation. The obtained NLAM exhibits a high reversible capacity of 194.4 mAh g^-1 at 20 mA g^-1 and decent cyclability with 98.6% capacity retention over 200 cycles at 200 mA g⁻¹. In situ characterizations reveal that the NLAM experiences phase transitions with an intermediate OP4 phase during the charge–discharge. Theoretical calculations further confirm that the Al substitution strategy is beneficial for improving the overlap between Mn 3d and O 2p orbitals. This finding sheds light on the design of layered oxide cathodes with highly reversible anionic redox for sodium storage.     

A Sensing and Stretchable Polymer-Dispersed Liquid Crystal Device Based on Spiderweb-Inspired Silver Nanowires-Micromesh Transparent Electrode

Polymer-dispersed liquid crystal (PDLC) devices are truly promising optical modulators for information display, smart window as well as intelligent photoelectronic applications due to their fast switching, large optical modulation as well as cost-effectiveness. However, realizing highly soft PDLC devices with sensing function remains a grand challenge because of the intrinsic brittleness of traditional transparent conductive electrodes. Here, inspired by spiderweb configuration, a novel type of silver nanowires (AgNWs) micromesh-based stretchable transparent conductive electrodes (STCEs) is developed to support the realization of soft PDLC device. Benefiting from the embedding design of AgNWs micromesh in polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), the STCEs can maintain excellent electrical conductivity and transparency even in various extreme conditions such as bending, folding, twisting, stretching as well as multiple chemical corrosion. Further, STCEs with the embedded AgNWs micromesh endow the assembled PDLC device with excellent photoelectrical properties including rapid switching speed (<1 s), large optical modulation (69% at 600 nm), as well as robust mechanical stability (bending over 1000 cycles and stretching to 40%). Moreover, the device displays the pressure sensing function with high sensitivity in response to pressure stimulus. It is conceivable that AgNWs micromesh transparent electrodes will shape the next generation of related soft smart electronics.     

区块链服务网络的构建机理与技术实现

联盟链技术是我国区块链发展和应用的主阵地.传统联盟链应用存在底层技术平台异构、应用技术门槛高、成链成本大、运维监管难等瓶颈问题,限制了区块链技术与应用发展.提出一种区块链公用基础设施——区块链服务网络(blockchain-based service network, BSN)的构建机理,阐述BSN的技术架构和实现机制. BSN已于2020年4月在中国正式商用,能够显著降低区块链开发、部署、运维、互通和监管成本,有利于区块链技术向企业、政府、行业等领域推广应用,为我国新型智慧城市建设和数字经济发展提供了可信可控的公用基础设施和服务载体.     

Correction: Real-time detection of deception attacks in cyber-physical systems

Detection of deception attacks is pivotal to ensure the safe and reliable operation of cyber-physical systems (CPS). Detection of such attacks needs to consider time-series sequences and is very challenging especially for autonomous vehicles that rely on high-dimensional observations from camera sensors. The paper presents an approach to detect deception attacks in real-time utilizing sensor observations, with a special focus on high-dimensional observations. The approach is based on inductive conformal anomaly detection (ICAD) and utilizes a novel generative model which consists of a variational autoencoder (VAE) and a recurrent neural network (RNN) that is used to learn both spatial and temporal features of the normal dynamic behavior of the system. The model can be used to predict the observations for multiple time steps, and the predictions are then compared with actual observations to efficiently quantify the nonconformity of a sequence under attack relative to the expected normal behavior, thereby enabling real-time detection of attacks using high-dimensional sequential data. We evaluate the approach empirically using two simulation case studies of an advanced emergency braking system and an autonomous car racing example, as well as a real-world secure water treatment dataset. The experiments show that the proposed method outperforms other detection methods, and in most experiments, both false positive and false negative rates are less than 10%. Furthermore, execution times measured on both powerful cloud machines and embedded devices are relatively short, thereby enabling real-time detection.

     

基于EEG和DE-CNN-GRU的情绪识别

近年,情绪识别研究已经不再局限于面部和语音识别,基于脑电等生理信号的情绪识别日趋火热.但由于特征信息提取不完整或者分类模型不适应等问题,使得情绪识别分类效果不佳.基于此,本文提出一种微分熵(DE)、卷积神经网络(CNN)和门控循环单元(GRU)结合的混合模型(DE-CNN-GRU)进行基于脑电的情绪识别研究.将预处理后的脑电信号分成5个频带,分别提取它们的DE特征作为初步特征,输入到CNN-GRU模型中进行深度特征提取,并结合Softmax进行分类.在SEED数据集上进行验证,该混合模型得到的平均准确率比单独使用CNN或GRU算法的平均准确率分别高出5.57%与13.82%.     

多分辨率融合输入的U型视网膜血管分割算法

针对视网膜血管拓扑结构不规则、形态复杂和尺度变化多样的特点,该文提出一种多分辨率融合输入的U型网络(MFIU-Net),旨在实现视网膜血管精准分割。设计以多分辨率融合输入为主干的粗略分割网络,生成高分辨率特征。采用改进的ResNeSt代替传统卷积,优化血管分割边界特征;将并行空间激活模块嵌入其中,捕获更多的语义和空间信息。构架另一U型精细分割网络,提高模型的微观表示和识别能力。一是底层采用多尺度密集特征金字塔模块提取血管的多尺度特征信息。二是利用特征自适应模块增强粗、细网络之间的特征融合,抑制不相关的背景噪声。三是设计面向细节的双重损失函数融合,以引导网络专注于学习特征。在眼底数据用于血管提取的数字视网膜图像(DRIVE)、视网膜结构分析(STARE)和儿童心脏与健康研究(CHASE_DB1)上进行实验,其准确率分别为97.00%, 97.47%和97.48%,灵敏度分别为82.73%, 82.86%和83.24%,曲线下的面积(AUC)值分别为98.74%, 98.90%和98.93%。其模型整体性能优于现有算法。