Amino acid composition and nutritional value of italian ryegrass,red clover and lucerne as influenced by application and content of nitrogen

In experiments with increasing applications of nitrogen to ryegrass, red clover and lucerne grown in pots, freeze-dried plant material with widely varying N-content was obtained. Increasing N-concentrations were associated with increasing nitrate contents which proportionally decreased the concentrations (g/16 g total-N) of all amino acids. Expressed as g amino acid/16 g total-N minus NO₃-N, concentrations of all amino acids were closely similar at different N-levels. Differences between the three species ' amino acid composition were negligible except for a lower concentration of lysine in the crude protein of ryegrass and of methionine + cystine in the crude protein of clover and lucerne. In feeding experiments with rats increasing total-N concentrations were generally associated with higher true digestibilities of the crude protein of ryegrass, red clover and lucerne, but slightly lower biological values, especially in red clover. Net crude protein utilisation was increased by increasing total-N concentration in ryegrass, decreased in red clover and unchanged in lucerne. When ranked according to the nutritional value of the crude protein, ryegrass comes first, lucerne second and red clover last. Addition of synthetic methionine to ryegrass and lucerne improved their biological values by 30 and 47% respectively.     

Nutritive value of oat and rye grain protein as influenced by nitrogen and amino acid composition

In experiments with increasing applications of nitrogen to oats and rye grown in pots, grain with widely varying N-content was obtained. In rye increasing N-concentrations were associated with decreases in the protein of lysine and several other amino acids including threonine, tryptophan, methionine and cystine, whereas glutamic acid, proline and phenylalanine increased. In oat protein the amino acid composition was less affected by increasing N-content in grain. Concentrations of most essential amino acids were higher in oat than in rye protein, especially at high N-levels. The ratio lysine + arginine/proline was higher in oat than in rye protein and did not, as in rye, decrease with increasing N-concentration. Lysine as a percentage of dry matter increased up to the highest N-level in both cereals. In rat feeding experiments true digestibility of the protein of oats and rye increased to the same extent with increasing N-concentration in grain, whereas the biological value of the protein decreased considerably in rye but only slightly in oats. Net protein utilisation decreased with increasing N-content in rye but increased in oats.     

Ultraschall-Ankoppelung an heiße Metalle durch Abkühlen der Oberfläche

Versuche und Rechnungen zur Ankoppelung von Ultraschall an heiße, metallische Prüfstücke durch Wasser. Ermittlung der höchsten, eine Ultraschallübertragung durch Wasser noch zulassenden Oberflächentemperatur. Ankoppelungszeiten in Abhängigkeit von Wasserdurchfluß, Wassertemperatur und Oberflächentemperatur. Beschreibung eines wirksamen Kühlverfahrens zur schnellen Ankoppelung an bewegte Prüfstücke bei hohen Temperaturen. Anwendung auf Stranggußknüppel mit einer Oberflächentemperatur von 1250 °C bei einer Prüfgeschwindigkeit von 3 m/min. Rißempfindlichkcit verschiedener Stähle gegenüber rascher Abkühlung.     

Thin layer activity depth distribution for wear measurements of cast iron

Theoretical activity distribution was determined for ⁵⁶Co obtained from the ⁵⁶Fe (p, n) reaction. The reaction was induced by an 8.3 MeV proton beam in a thin surface layer of cast-iron. The distribution was then verified experimentally. The standard deviation of the measured points from the theoretical curve was 3.3 μm. For the thickness range between 5 and 35 μm, frequently used in wear studies, a linear approximation was suggested by the experimental results. Standard error of estimate was 0.69 μm for this range. The S.D. of the experimental points from the theoretical curve 3 as 1.14 μm for the same range.The studies were made with a view to their prospective application in the measurements of wear of car engine components.     

High-temperature liquid chromatography coupled on-line to a continuous-flow biochemical screening assay with electrospray ionization mass spectrometric detection

The potential of high-temperature liquid chromatography (HTLC) was investigated in an on-line combination with a screening system for bioactive compounds against the enzyme cathepsin B. Samples were separated by HTLC and subsequently analyzed by an on-line continuous-flow enzymatic assay. Detection was performed by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, revealing both the bioactivity and the molecular mass of the bioactive compounds. Compared to conventional reversed-phase liquid chromatography, the amount of methanol necessary for separation could be decreased to only 10%, which improved the compatibility of LC with a biochemical assay. Sufficient preheating of the mobile phase prior to the separation and postcolumn cooling to prevent deactivation of the enzyme, even at column temperatures as high as 208 degrees C, was achieved as indicated by the reliable peak shapes obtained. The sensitivity was comparable with previously described systems operating at ambient temperatures as similar IC50 values were obtained. Exposing the inhibitors to high temperatures did not lead to thermal decomposition. The separation of inhibitors and the subsequent biochemical assay was performed either isothermally at various temperatures or by applying various temperature gradients as well as at various flow rates. The results obtained clearly show the compatibility of HTLC with an enzymatic screening assay.     

Zur Frage der Kohlenstoffbestimmung bei emissionsspektrometrischen Verwechslungsprüfungen an Stählen

Notwendigkeit der Kohlenstoffbestimmung bei Verwechslungsprüfungen. Spektralanalytische Möglichkeiten bei Funken-und Bogenanregung in Luft. Einflüsse einiger Legierungselemente. Wiederholbarkeit und Bestimmungsgrenzen. Bestehende Forderungen.     

Influence of systemic diseases and environmental factors on age at appearance, location and type of acquired cataract

We studied 257 patients scheduled for cataract surgery for possible correlation with systemic diseases, blood chemistry, and environmental exposure. We found that posterior subcapsular cataract appeared in patients 10 years younger on average than those with other types of cataract. Nuclear cataract patients had higher blood levels of uric acid and creatinine and lower blood levels of calcium. We suggest capsular insult as a possible pathophysiological explanation for cataract formation in young age groups (as well as diabetes) and a toxic effect of blood metabolites in patients with renal failure, resulting in earlier and more prevalent sclerosis of lens fibers. No effect of smoking or of exposure to sunlight on the distribution of various types of cataracts was noted.     

Perfluorinated alkylated substances in the aquatic environment: An Austrian case study

Perfluorinated alkylated substances (PFAS) are of global interest due to their occurrence and persistency in the environment. This study includes surface waters and sediments for the analysis of eleven PFAS. The PFAS studied can be grouped in perfluoroalkyl carboxylates (PFCAs), perfluoroalkyl sulfonates (PFS) and perfluoroalkyl sulfonamides (PFSA). The two most important compounds are perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS). These two substances showed the most significant values for surface water samples with maximum concentrations of 21 ng l⁻¹ for PFOA and 37 ng l⁻¹ for PFOS. Sediment samples from seven Austrian lakes and the river Danube were studied. Whereas PFSA and PFS were not detected in any sediment sample PFCAs were detected in most of the lake samples in concentrations up to 1.7 μg kg⁻¹ dry wt. PFOA, perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA) and perfluoroheptanoic acid (PFHpA) were detected in all Danube river sediment samples in concentrations varying from 0.1 up to 5.1 μg kg⁻¹ dry wt. For the various sampling points the proportional mass flows deriving from wastewater discharges were calculated. Whereas only up to 10% of the average flow is discharged wastewater up to more than 50% of the PFAS mass flows in the rivers can be attributed to wastewater discharges. Besides wastewater different other pathways as emissions from point sources, further degradation of precursor products, runoff from contaminated sites or surface runoff as well as dry and wet deposition have to be considered as relevant sources for PFAS contamination in surface waters.