Development of a green two‐dimensional HPLC‐DAD/ESI‐MS method for the determination of anthocyanins from Prunus cerasifera var. atropurpurea leaf and improvement of their stability in energy drinks

This study aimed to develop a green two‐dimensional HPLC‐DAD/ESI‐MS method for analysing anthocyanins from Prunus cerasifera var. atropurpurea leaf and improve their stability in energy drinks by the addition of phenolic acids. Ethanol and tartaric acid solutions were used as mobile phases for one‐dimensional HPLC‐DAD for quantitative analysis of anthocyanins, and the primary anthocyanins were identified as cyanidin‐3‐O‐galactoside, cyanidin‐3‐O‐glucoside and cyanidin‐3‐O‐rutinoside using two‐dimensional HPLC‐MS. Method validation showed that the developed method was accurate, stable and reliable for the analysis of P. cerasifera anthocyanins. The effects of gallic, ferulic and caffeic acid on the stability of cyanidin‐3‐O‐galactoside, cyanidin‐3‐O‐glucoside, cyanidin‐3‐O‐rutinoside and total anthocyanins from P. cerasifera leaf in energy drinks were evaluated, and the degradation of P. cerasifera anthocyanins ideally followed a first‐order model (R² > 0.98). Gallic acid showed stronger protective effects on P. cerasifera anthocyanins in energy drinks, and adding/increasing ferulic and caffeic acids accelerated the degradation reactions.     

沙枣种子总酚抗氧化活性研究

目的研究沙枣种子总酚体外与体内的抗氧化活性。方法体外实验考察了沙枣总酚的还原力,对DPPH·、O_2~-和·OH的清除作用以及对·OH损伤DNA的保护作用等;体内实验中将小鼠随机分为空白组、D-半乳糖模型组(50 mg/kg)、Vc阳性对照组(50 mg/kg),沙枣总酚低(50 mg/kg)、中(100 mg/kg)、高(200 mg/kg)剂量组,灌胃给予相应药物2周后采血,幵测定血清中超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)和丙二醛(malondialodehyde,MDA)的含量,综合分析沙枣总酚的体外和体内抗氧化活性。结果沙枣总酚有强的还原能力,对DPPH·、O_2~-和·OH的清除率分别达30.02%、25.91%和38.55%,其浓度与自由基清除活性呈现一定的量效关系;沙枣总酚对·OH引起的DNA损伤具有一定的保护作用。与模型组比较,沙枣总酚能显著提高衰老小鼠血清SOD活力(P0.01),降低血清MDA水平(P0.01)。结论综合体外和体内实验结果,沙枣总酚显示一定的抗氧化作用,有望开发为新的植物抗氧化剂。     

浅谈肠道益生菌在食品中的安全性问题

近年来益生菌食品发展迅速,其产品类型及品种日益丰富,但目前其产业还处于发展阶段。益生菌的安全性和功能性评价体系不够完善,质量检验方法有待改进。本文综述了食品中肠道益生菌的分类、鉴定,益生菌的代谢产物,储存条件,益生菌剂量水平与使用时间,益生菌对抗生素的耐受性及感染能力及对人体安全性影响,且举例说明了目前市场上的益生菌产品可能带来的问题,以期为食品中肠道益生菌的研究、检验、监测提供理论参考。     

国内外包装饮用水标准中微生物指标比较和铜绿假单胞菌指标建议

近年来,国内包装饮用水卫生状况的检测中微生物卫生指标不合格情况较为严重,而饮用水的卫生情况直接关系到民大的身体健康。根据GB 19298-2014《食品安全国家标准包装饮用水》,并参照世界卫生组织《饮用水水质指南》第四版,本文对我国的包装饮用水相应的微生物指标进行分析比较,指出存在的问题并提出修改的建议,为包装饮用水的安全生产提供参考。     

鲤鱼肌肉蒸制过程中的品质变化

采用理化检验、光学显微镜和质构分析法(TPA)对新鲜鲤鱼肌肉组织在蒸制过程中理化性质、微观结构和质构特性进行了分析,并采用SDS-PAGE电泳法分析了流失液的蛋白形式,以期明确鲤鱼肌肉在蒸制过程中品质变化规律,提出鲤鱼肌肉组织蒸制的最佳工艺条件。研究表明:随加热时间延长,肌肉组织失重率、失水率和p H值呈上升趋势,肌原纤维蛋白提取率在2 min内迅速降低,而后缓慢降低。鱼肉蒸制后肌浆蛋白等水溶性蛋白流失,随时间延长蛋白质变性程度加深。加热过程中肌肉组织微观结构变化明显,纤维间隙逐渐增大直至纤维断裂。硬度、咀嚼性、回复性及剪切力均随加热时间延长而降低,在4 min后趋于平稳。综合分析,为保证营养价值和质构特性,规格为1.5 cm3的鲤鱼肌肉组织蒸制时间为4 min较好。     

打顶后供钾水平对烟草体内钾素积累分配的影响

本试验采用砂培和营养液培养的方式,探索了打顶后供钾水平对烟草体内钾素积累分配的影响。结果表明,打顶能够促进烟株的生长,增加生物量。钾素在烟株体内移动活跃,无钾培养烟株的根部有大量钾素向叶片运输;提高供钾水平,烟株的钾浓度和钾含量显著提高。打顶后烟株的钾浓度和钾含量下降,但钾素在叶片的积累量增加,上部叶片的钾含量显著提高。     

氨或铵盐在制备双峰孔分布硅胶中的应用

采用氨或铵盐对双峰孔分布的硅胶孔结构进行改变,获得双峰孔分布的大孔硅胶产品。考察氨或铵盐的加入与否、添加量、添加时段及添加氨或铵盐时的反应温度对双峰孔分布硅胶的性能影响。实验结果表明,在反应初期添加氨或铵盐,与无机酸形成的酸式盐/无机酸摩尔比为3∶1,反应温度为30℃,可获得孔容1.65cm3/g,孔径20.00nm,比表面积340m2/g的双峰孔分布的大孔硅胶产品。     

Characterization of Antibiotic Resistance Genes from Lactobacillus Isolated from Traditional Dairy Products

Lactobacilli are widely used as starter cultures or probiotics in yoghurt, cheese, beer, wine, pickles, preserved food, and silage. They are generally recognized as safe (GRAS). However, recent studies have shown that some lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains carry antibiotic resistance genes and are resistant to antibiotics. Some of them may even transfer their intrinsic antibiotic resistance genes to other LAB or pathogens via horizontal gene transfer, thus threatening human health. A total of 33 Lactobacillus strains was isolated from fermented milk collected from different areas of China. We analyzed (1) their levels of antibiotic resistance using a standardized dilution method, (2) their antibiotic resistance gene profiles by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using gene‐specific primers, and (3) the transferability of some of the detected resistance markers by a filter mating assay. All Lactobacillus strains were found to be resistant to vancomycin, but susceptible to gentamicin, linezolid, neomycin, erythromycin, and clindamycin. Their susceptibilities to tetracycline, kanamycin, ciprofloxacin, streptomycin, quinupristin/dalfopristin, trimethoprim, ampicillin, rifampicin, and chloramphenicol was different. Results from our PCR analysis revealed 19 vancomycin, 10 ciprofloxacin, and 1 tetracycline‐resistant bacteria that carried the van(X), van(E), gyr(A), and tet(M) genes, respectively. Finally, no transferal of the monitored antibiotic resistance genes was observed in the filter mating assay. Taken together, our study generated the antibiotic resistance profiles of some milk‐originated lactobacilli isolates and preliminarily assessed their risk of transferring antibiotic gene to other bacteria. The study may provide important data concerning the safe use of LAB.     

Effect of Sorbitol Plasticizer on the Structure and Properties of Melt Processed Polyvinyl Alcohol Films

Poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) possesses wide applications as food packaging materials, but is difficult to melt process for its strong inter/intra hydrogen bonding. In this work, flexible PVA films with different content of sorbitol plasticizers were prepared by melt processing with the assistance of water. And the influence of sorbitol plasticizer content on the crystallinity, optical transparency, water‐retaining capability, mechanical properties, thermal stability and oxygen and water permeability were investigated. The results indicated that sorbitol dramatically improved the melt processing ability of PVA. Sorbitol could interact with PVA to form strong hydrogen bonding interactions, which would decrease the original hydrogen bonding of the matrix, resulting in the decrease of crystallinity degrees. The glass transition, melting and crystallization peak temperatures decreased with the increase of sorbitol. All the films exhibited fine optical transparency. The water retaining capability were improved with the increase of sorbitol. Especially, an increase in elongation at break and decrease in Young's modulus and tensile strength were observed indicating good plasticizing effect of sorbitol on PVA films. In addition, the PVA films prepared in this work exhibited fine barrier properties against oxygen and water, suggesting wide application potential as packaging materials.     

Changes in the phenolic contents and antioxidant activities of citrus peels from different cultivars after in vitro digestion

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of in vitro digestion on the phenolic contents and antioxidant activities of citrus peels. Three different varieties of citrus peels (mandarin, ponkan and red tangerine) were treated with simulated gastric fluid (SGF) and simulated intestinal fluid (SIF). The results showed that the SGF or SIF treatments of the citrus peels did not significantly increase the total phenolic content (TPC) or total flavonoid content (TFC), except for that of the TFC of ponkan peel treated with SGF. However, simulated in vitro digestion did improve the antioxidant activities measured with FRAP and ABTS methods. The effect of SGF was more positive than those of SIF for the FRAP assay, but the opposite was true for ABTS. Notably, both simulated digestion techniques decreased the DPPH free radical scavenging abilities. Simulated digestion in vitro changed the antioxidant activities of the citrus peels.