SU-8 3D microoptic components fabricated by inclined UV lithography in water

Out-of-plane microlenses and microoptical fiber holder are two of the most important components for building an integrated microoptic system with a precise alignment accuracy. In this paper, a simple and convenient method to fabricate these components from SU-8 by using inclined UV lithography in water is proposed. It consists of two perpendicular exposures in SU-8 at ±45°. DI water possesses a low absorption coefficient and a moderate and stable value of refractive index in near UV. Using water, the exposure angle in SU-8 can be increased to 50° from 35° in air necessary to pattern the desired 45° slope of the sidewalls. The principle of the proposed technique and the detailed fabrication process of the microoptic components will be presented. The integratability of the fabricated components was demonstrated by the fabrication of the microoptical fiber holder with a pre-aligned out-of-plane microlens.     

Online and Offline Rotary Regression Analysis of Torque Estimator for Switched Reluctance Motor Drives

A new torque estimator for switched reluctance motor (SRM) drives based on 2-D rotary regression analysis is presented in this paper. The proposed torque estimator is composed of a bicubic regressive polynomial as a function of rotor position and input current. The regressive coefficients can be computed offline or online from the torque characteristics acquired either experimentally or from numerical computation. Furthermore, a torque estimation method by taking mutual coupling into consideration is proposed. It can be seen that the estimated and experimentally obtained self-coupling and mutual-coupling torque characteristics are in good agreement with each other. In addition, the dynamic torque waveforms with and without the mutual coupling, estimated by the proposed estimator, are found to be virtually the same as those obtained from the bicubic spline interpolation for SRM drives with single-pulse voltage, hysteresis current chopping, as well as with voltage pulse width modulation control. The success of all the case studies being reported is a good validation of the usefulness and accuracy of the proposed real-time torque estimator that, as described in this paper, can be used to quickly estimate the instantaneous output torque of SRM drives.     

3D velocity from 3D Doppler radial velocity

We present local least squares and regularization frameworks for computing 3D velocity (3D optical flow) from 3D radial velocity measured by a Doppler radar. We demonstrate the performance of our algorithms quantitatively on synthetic radial velocity data and qualitatively on real radial velocity data, obtained from the Doppler radar at Kurnell Radar station, Botany Bay, New South Wales, Australia. Radial velocity can be used to predict the future positions of storms in sequences of Doppler radar datasets.© 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Imaging Syst Technol, 15, 189–198, 2005     

Ennoblement of stainless steel in natural seawater – A new explanation

The ennoblement of corrosion potential (E_corr) of passive metal immersed in seawater was investigated with electrochemical technology and epifluorescence microscopy. The in situ observation showed that the bacteria number increased on the metal surface according to an exponential law which was in the same way with the ennoblement of E_corr. At the same time, the anodic polarization current of high‐Mo stainless steel decreased in the initial days. According to the mix‐potential theory and the characteristics of polarization curves of high‐Mo steel in natural seawater, the ennoblement of corrosion potential may be induced by the decrease of the passive current density.     

Entropy of multidimensional cellular automata

Since the topological entropy of a vast class of two-dimensional cellular automata (CA) is infinite, of interest is the possibility to renormalize it so that to obtain a positive finite value. We find the asymptotics of the information function of a multidimensional CA and, accordingly, introduce the renormalized topological entropy as a coefficient of this asymptotics. We describe some properties of the introduced quantity, in particular, its positivity for CA of the type of “The Game of Life.” Also, we give an example of an explicit evaluation of this parameter for a particular cellular automaton.     

Power Distribution Fault Cause Identification With Imbalanced Data Using the Data Mining-Based Fuzzy Classification E-Algorithm

Power distribution systems have been significantly affected by many outage-causing events. Good fault cause identification can help expedite the restoration procedure and improve the system reliability. However, the data imbalance issue in many real-world data sets often degrades the fault cause identification performance. In this paper, the E-algorithm, which is extended from the fuzzy classification algorithm by Ishibuchi to alleviate the effect of imbalanced data constitution, is applied to Duke Energy outage data for distribution fault cause identification. Three major outage causes (tree, animal, and lightning) are used as prototypes. The performance of E-algorithm on real-world imbalanced data is compared with artificial neural network. The results show that the E-algorithm can greatly improve the performance when the data are imbalanced     

Evaluating software reuse alternatives: a model and its application to an industrial case study

We propose a model that enables software developers to systematically evaluate and compare all possible alternative reuse scenarios. The model supports the clear identification of the basic operations involved and associates a cost component with each basic operation in a focused and precise way. The model is a practical tool that assists developers to weigh and evaluate different reuse scenarios, based on accumulated organizational data, and then to decide which option to select in a given situation. The model is currently being used at six different companies for cost-benefit analysis of alternative reuse scenarios; we give a case study that illustrates how it has been used in practice.     

Second-order stresses and strains in heterogeneous steels: Self-consistent modeling and X-ray diffraction analysis

Theoretical and experimetal methods have been developed to characterize the effect of mechanical loading on the mesoscopic and macroscopic mechanical state of polycrystalline materials. Ferritic and austenitic single-phase materials were first analyzed, then phase interaction was studied in a multiductile phase material (austeno-ferritic duplex steel) and a natural reinforced composite (pearlitic steel). The theoretical method is based on the self-consistent approach in which elastic and plastic characteristics of the phases have been applied through the micromechanical behavior of single-crystal-using slip systems and microscopic hardening. The effects of a crystallographic texture and phase interaction during loading and after unloading were studied. The elastic and plastic anisotropy of the grains having the same crystallographic orientation were assessed by diffraction strain analysis. The simulation was compared with the experiments performed using the X-ray diffraction technique. In the considered duplex and pearlitic steels, it was observed that the ferrite stress state is much lower than the austenite and cementite ones. The results of diffraction strain distribution have showed the pertinence of the models and give valuable information, for example, for the yield stress and the hardening parameters of each phase in a two-phase material.