Trends in aerospace forgings in the 1990s

In the 1990s, forgings require computer-aided design and manufacturing, process modeling, cleaner forging materials, better control of forging and related processes, and closer cooperation between supplier and customer. Forgers will have to employ more sophisticated forging and sensing and control equipment to better meet the demands of close tolerances and increasingly difficult-to-forge materials. Customers will continue to place higher emphasis on quality that remains consistently high. This article examines trends in aerospace forgings that will affect forgers, equipment and materials suppliers in the 1990s. Most of these trends are virtually certain to occur; indeed, some have already begun. What is less certain is the degree to which these trends will occur, and the rapidity of their occurrence.     

Children's understanding of social anxiety.

202 2nd, 4th, and 7th graders evaluated story characters who were either highly or less motivated to impress an audience and had either high or low expectations of being able to accomplish their self-presentational goals. As predicted according to a self-presentation model of social anxiety, both factors were related to judgments of the character's social anxiety, especially for the older Ss. For all age groups, actors who expected to do poorly rather than well were regarded as more anxious, as more likely to exhibit nervous responses and to have communication difficulties, and as less likely to be successful in accomplishing their goal; they were also evaluated less favorably. The actor's motivation had different effects on younger and older Ss; 2nd graders attributed less anxiety to highly motivated actors, whereas older Ss attributed greater anxiety to them. For all age groups, high motivation was expected to have a channeling effect on behaviors that would increase interpersonal effectiveness. A finding that was consistent with the literature on social-cognitive development was that older Ss displayed greater differentiation in their cause–effect inferences and that they better appreciated the complex implications of social anxiety. (20 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Object-oriented knowledge frameworks

This paper introduces a strategy for the construction of object-oriented knowledge frameworks. Global control programs, which are traditionally used for manipulating structured representations, have been replaced by domain-specific resources. This new approach offers increased efficiency and simplified development of knowledge-based expert systems for problem domains that deal with a variety of complex structured information.A theoretical foundation is laid for the representation of knowledge, starting with the adoption of a simple schema for structuring stereotypical information. Data and method abstraction is achieved by installing knowledge frames into part of an object-oriented class system that supports procedural attachment and object communication. This allows frame specialization using domain-specific resources and subsequent construction of modular systems with these specialist frames. Editors are introduced for the alteration of data primitives used in declarative representation. Algorithms, which operate on these data primitives, are given for frame instantiation, data access, and user-directed inference.Examples from structural engineering are used throughout the paper to illustrate the practical application of object-oriented knowledge frameworks.     

Informing clients about the limits to confidentiality, risks, and their rights: Is self-disclosure inhibited?

Investigated the effects of providing varying amounts of detail regarding the limits to confidentiality in a psychotherapy analog. 24 mildly depressed undergraduates (as determined on the Beck Depression Inventory) were offered an interview to explore their depression and were told it would be much like single-session therapy. Before the interview, Ss were randomly assigned to read and sign 1 of 3 consent forms. Little evidence emerged of significant inhibition of disclosure when detailed information was provided; straightforward encouragement for disclosure eliminated the small inhibitory effect. A 2nd study, with 40 Ss, demonstrated the concurrent validity and sensitivity to change of the major dependent variable. The results of the 2 studies are encouraging not only to psychologists concerned about the moral rights of their clients but also to psychologists who have avoided informing clients about the limits to confidentiality, risks of therapy, and clients' rights because they feared it would necessarily discourage disclosure. (17 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

State of the art in sequential analysis: Comment on Lichtenberg and Heck.

Comments on the discussion of J. W. Lichtenberg and E. J. Heck (see record 1986-30903-001) on methods to analyze sequential data in the context of counseling process research. The present author outlines the state-of-the-art developments in sequential analysis, including unidirectional and bidirectional tests, tests of dominance, between-group and overtime tests, and tests for systems with more than 2 participants. In addition, a number of caveats for conducting a sequential analysis are presented. (16 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Organizing drug injectors against AIDS: Preliminary data on behavioral outcomes.

Describes a project based on organizing drug injectors to change their subculture in ways that promote lower risk behaviors. Initial and follow-up interviews were conducted with 368 Ss. Findings indicate a decline in high-risk behaviors such as renting or borrowing used syringes and an increase in risk-reducing behaviors such as using new syringes and condoms. Almost half the Ss entered drug abuse treatment during the follow-up period; 60% taught others to use bleach to decontaminate injecting equipment. Risk reduction was greater among Ss who attended group meetings. Thus, organizing drug injectors is a feasible intervention that should be adopted elsewhere. Drug injectors can take on responsibility in combating AIDS. All evaluations of interventions should measure Ss' efforts to spread the message to others. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Cognitive-behavioral treatment with and without exposure plus response prevention in the treatment of bulimia nervosa: A reply to Leitenberg and Rosen.

In this reply to H. Leitenberg and J. C. Rosen (see record 1990-12881-001), we conclude that the evidence that response prevention of vomiting adds significantly to the efficacy of cognitive-behavioral treatment of bulimia nervosa is not strong. In this context and given the finding in our previous study (W. S. Agras et al; see record 1989-26754-001) that the addition of response prevention did not increase the efficacy of cognitive-behavioral treatment and may have reduced it, we believe that our cautionary note concerning the addition of response prevention to cognitive-behavioral treatment should stand. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Comparison of ponderosa pines as feed and nonfeed trees for abert squirrels

Twigs from five ponderosa pine trees (Pinus ponderosa) used by Abert squirrels (Sciurus aberti) as feed trees and five nonfeed trees were collected every 45 days and their monoterpenoid and nutrient content determined. Thet tests (unpaired observations) detected no significant difference in the level of monoterpenoids in the outer bark of feed (0.77%) and nonfeed (0.75%) trees. The same was true for inner bark of feed (0.10%) and nonfeed (0.16%) trees. Monoterpenoid levels in outer bark (0.75%) were significantly higher than inner bark (0.13%). The inner bark is what is eaten by Abert squirrels. Protein and other nutrients did not differ significantly between feed and nonfeed trees. However, both outer and inner bark were easier to remove from the woody portion of the feed tree twigs than those twigs collected from nonfeed trees. Therefore, due to the lack of differences in monoterpenoid and nutrient content between feed and nonfeed trees, we attributed the use of certain trees for use as feed trees to the ease of peeling and separating outer from inner bark.Located at Shrub Sciences Laboratory, 735 North 500 East, Provo,Utah 84601.