A boost type converter is described that is suitable for low-voltage DC-supply of fluorescent lamps. It has inherent lamp current limitation (ballast action) and provides the high voltage pulses and electrode heating that are required for igniting the lamp. The proposed circuit is applicable in automotive, emergency, and portable light sources.<> 相似文献
Relying on SIDE theory, this 2 × 2 experimental design tested the effects of adherence to organizational norms and interpersonal familiarity in e‐mail messages from both superior and subordinate perspectives. Results reveal that using norm‐congruent e‐mail messages account for over 50% of the variance in both superior and subordinate attitudes toward the message and between 30% and 56% of the variance in perceptions of source credibility. Data from the superiors indicate that norm congruent e‐mail messages account for 14.4% of the variance in message compliance. Results from subordinates reveal an interaction effect that is consistent with SIDE‐based predictions. Subordinates believe superiors are most likely to comply with e‐mail requests from unfamiliar subordinates that are crafted in a manner congruent with organizational norms.相似文献
This paper presents an approach for generating a well-defined cooling pattern over an area of tissue. An array of solid-state
microcoolers is used, which could be included in a probe that provides local cooling. This medical instrument can be used
for removal of scar tissue in the eye or for the rapid stopping of bleeding due to micro-cuts, which makes it a useful tool
to medical doctors and could make surgery more secure to the patient. The array of microcoolers is composed of 64 independent
thermo-electric elements, each controlled using an integrated circuit designed in CMOS. The independent control allows the
flexible programming of the surface temperature profile. This type of control is very suitable in case abrupt temperature
steps should be avoided. Cooling by lateral heat flow was selected in order to minimize the influence of heat by dissipation
from the electronic circuits. Moreover, a thermo-electric component with lateral heat allows fabrication of the cooling elements
using planar thin-film technology, lithography and wet etching on top of the silicon wafer. This approach is potentially CMOS
compatible, which would allow for the fabrication of the thermo-electric elements on top of a pre-fabricated CMOS wafer as
a post-process step. Each pixel is composed of thin-films of n-type bismuth telluride, Bi2Te3 and p-type antimony telluride, Sb2Te3, which are electrically interconnected as thermocouple. These materials have excellent thermoelectric characteristics, such
as thermoelectric figures-of-merit, ZT, at room temperatures of 0.84 and 0.5, respectively, which is equivalent to power-factors, PF, of 3.62 × 10−3 W K−1 m−2 and 2.81 × 10−3 W K−1 m−2, respectively. The theoretical study presented here demonstrates a cooling capability of 15°C at room temperature (300 K ≈ 27°C).
This cooling performance is sufficient to maintain a local tissue temperature at 25°C, which makes it suitable for the intended
application. A first prototype was successfully fabricated to demonstrate the concept. 相似文献
In software development, Testing is an important mechanism both to identify defects and assure that completed products work as specified. This is a common practice in single-system development, and continues to hold in Software Product Lines (SPL). Even though extensive research has been done in the SPL Testing field, it is necessary to assess the current state of research and practice, in order to provide practitioners with evidence that enable fostering its further development.
Objective
This paper focuses on Testing in SPL and has the following goals: investigate state-of-the-art testing practices, synthesize available evidence, and identify gaps between required techniques and existing approaches, available in the literature.
Method
A systematic mapping study was conducted with a set of nine research questions, in which 120 studies, dated from 1993 to 2009, were evaluated.
Results
Although several aspects regarding testing have been covered by single-system development approaches, many cannot be directly applied in the SPL context due to specific issues. In addition, particular aspects regarding SPL are not covered by the existing SPL approaches, and when the aspects are covered, the literature just gives brief overviews. This scenario indicates that additional investigation, empirical and practical, should be performed.
Conclusion
The results can help to understand the needs in SPL Testing, by identifying points that still require additional investigation, since important aspects regarding particular points of software product lines have not been addressed yet. 相似文献
The structures' durability is an engineering concern for a long time but has been increased in the last years. Lightweight aggregate concrete (LWAC) combined with glass fibre reinforced polymer bars allows to create structures with high performance in terms of durability. The glass fibre reinforced polymer (GFRP) bars have different ribs from those of steel bars, and consequently, its bond to concrete is affected. Moreover, the Young's modulus of GFRP is much below compared with that of steel, and this influences significantly the behaviour of structural elements reinforced with this material. This paper presents an experimental study focused on bond between LWAC and reinforcing bars of GFRP. Thirty‐six pull‐out tests were carried out using steel and GFRP bars. These reinforcements were combined with three types of concrete, all with the same design density 1900 kg m?3 but with different values of compressive strength: 35, 55 and 70 MPa. Furthermore, 12 reinforced ties were tested, combining different types of bars (steel and GFRP), two different diameters (12 and 16 mm) and the three types of LWAC. Based on experimental results, several relations were established to understand the behaviour of LWAC structures reinforced with GFRP bars, mainly in the serviceability conditions. These results point out that ties deformation and crack width are very affected by the reduced Young's modulus of GFRP: deformations and crack width of ties reinforced with GFRP are significantly higher, approximately three times greater, compared with those of ties reinforced with steel. The tension stiffening effect was also analysed in detail, and it was found that it is slightly influenced by the concrete compressive strength but is highly dependent of the Young's modulus of the reinforcing material. 相似文献
Highly thermally stable N-aryl,N-alkyl N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ruthenium catalysts were designed and synthesized for latent olefin metathesis. These catalysts showed excellent latent behavior toward metathesis reactions, whereby the complexes were inactive at ambient temperature and initiated at elevated temperatures, a challenging property to achieve with second generation catalysts. A sterically hindered N-tert-butyl substituent on the NHC ligand of the ruthenium complex was found to induce latent behavior toward cross-metathesis reactions, and exchange of the chloride ligands for iodide ligands was necessary to attain latent behavior during ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP). Iodide-based catalysts showed no reactivity toward ROMP of norbornene-derived monomers at 25 °C, and upon heating to 85 °C gave complete conversion of monomer to polymer in less than 2 hours. All of the complexes were very stable to air, moisture, and elevated temperatures up to at least 90 °C, and exhibited a long catalyst lifetime in solution at elevated temperatures. 相似文献
In this work, characterization and treatment of used hydraulic oil samples were performed in three steps. In the first step, the physical and the chemical properties of fresh and used hydraulic mineral oil samples from various centrifugal casting and pipe drawing machines were investigated according to ASTM D 6158. Results show that water content, solid particles count and depletion of additives have considerably affected most of the oil properties. Used oil samples failed in the appearance, thermal stability, oxidation stability, foaming tendency, water content and particles count.
In the second step, a simple methodology for dewatering and filtration was adopted. This methodology involved settling, followed by dry-air bubbling for oil dehydration and finally vacuum filtration. Such process successfully removed considerable portion of solid particles and water in used oil samples. Appearance, pour point, water content, particles count, and acid number were restored to the allowable limits. While water separability, oxidation stability, thermal stability and foaming tendency still failed the limits after treatment. It is obvious that additives will be needed to restore the latter properties.
In the third step, viscosity modifier additive was added to the oil samples to enhance viscous properties. A linear increase in kinematic viscosity was witnessed at 100°C, while at 40°C, an initial linear increase at low viscosities was followed by lower slopes at higher viscosities. 相似文献
To commemorate the awarding of the Nobel Prize for Chemistry to Daniel Shechtman for his discovery of quasicrystals, this paper reviews our recent studies of the interaction of rare gases and hydrocarbon gases with the tenfold surface of quasicrystalline decagonal Al-Co-Ni. 相似文献