Total inactivation of lipoxygenase in whole soya bean by pulsed light and the effect of pulsed light on the chemical properties of soya milk produced from the treated soya beans

The inactivation of lipoxygenase (LOX) in the whole soya bean prevents lipid oxidation that produces an off‐flavour of soya food. The inactivation of lipoxygenase in the whole soya bean by pulsed light (PL) was examined with three distances (5, 7 and 9 cm) from the PL strobe and for different durations. Soya bean was treated with PL with and without ice surrounding the soya bean sample tray for limiting the rise in sample temperature. Results show that without ice surrounding the sample tray, the lowest LOX residual activity was 4.7%, 0.4% and 0.0% for 80‐s duration at 5 cm distance from the PL strobe, 110 s at 7 cm from the strobe and 150 s at 9 cm from the strobe, respectively; the soya bean temperature after treatment was 109.6, 116.3 and 114.8 °C, respectively. The instantaneous temperatures of the soya bean core measured during PL operating were above 100 °C. The lipoxygenase band was disappeared after longest PL treatments of each distance compared with the LOX band control as assessed by electrophoresis. The pulsed light had no negative effect on peroxide value of produced soya milk. However, PL reduced significantly the total solid amount and changed the colour of the produced soya milk. The residual activity with sample cooling by ice during treatment was 79.0%, 98.8% and 95.7%, with sample temperatures of 81.7, 91.2 and 66.9 °C, respectively. This study indicates that PL illumination could fully inactivate LOX in whole soya beans, with the photo‐thermal effect of PL as the main factor responsible for the inactivation of LOX.     

Highly dispersed titanium(IV) oxide on α-cellulose surface: An XPS,SEM, and XRD study

Interaction of titanium chloride with a cellulose surface and the decurrent modifications introduced on its morphology were studied by scanning, electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The chemical analysis of the surface was carried by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and changes in the crystallinity upon chemical treatment was determinded by the X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique. Interaction of titanium with cellulose occurs only at the surface and a decrease of its crystallinity was observed with the amount of metal oxide incorporated into the solid matrix. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Age differences in the structure of the Philadelphia Geriatric Center Morale Scale.

Examined age differences in the factorial structure of the Philadelphia Geriatric Center (PGC) Morale Scale by testing hypotheses involving the equivalence constraints of one or more parameter matrices in the 65–74 and 75+ yr old populations from the 1968 National Senior Citizens Survey (K. K. Schooler, 1970), which included 3,996 Ss. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) structures was used to assess the factorial invariance of the PGC Morale Scale. Although there were some statistically significant age differences in the factorial structure, substantively they were less important. (22 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Those who broke the cycle: Therapy with nonabusive adults who were physically abused as children.

Based on observations of 10 nonabusive adults who were physically abused as children, it is contended that these Ss differ from abusive adults who were abused as children in significant ways. It is recommended that abused children receive intensive therapy either at the time that the abuse is discovered or at a developmentally more appropriate stage to block persistence of symptoms into adulthood. It is suggested that these nonabusive adults present a constellation of symptoms that may not be recognized as posttraumatic stress syndrome. For both the abused child and the adult a highly interactive course of therapy is recommended, during which the major goal is reparenting. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The selective catalytic reduction of NO by propylene over Pt supported on dealuminated Y zeolite

The reactivity of Pt supported on a stable dealuminated Y zeolite (Pt/DeY) for the Selective Catalytic Reduction of NO by hydrocarbons (HC-SCR) has been investigated with a monolith sample. The results show that the Pt/DeY catalyst has substantial activity for this reaction at temperatures between 200 and 300°C. Furthermore, the presence of water and sulfur dioxide, at levels similar to the ones expected in vehicle exhaust gas, does not significantly affect the performance of the catalyst, which makes it a promising candidate for further commercial development. In the same temperature range, oxygen promotes the rate of the NO reduction by assisting in the activation of the hydrocarbon. NO₂ is also formed under the conditions studied as a result of the oxidation of NO. In the presence of the hydrocarbon however, it is preferentially reacting with the hydrocarbon, and reduces primarily back to NO. High selectivities were observed toward the formation of N₂O, which is a primary product of the hydrocarbon-SCR reaction.     

Problem-based learning: application and possibilities in Brazil

The Ministry of Health launched the Family Health Program (FHP) with the aim of establishing comprehensive primary care for families and communities. The Public Health School of Ceará has been applying problem-based learning as the instructional method for the training of the family health teams. The importance of this method and the possibility of applying it in the implementation of a new and effective approach to the continuing education of Brazilian health professionals are emphasized.     

Homogeneity analysis of square meter-sized electrodes for PEM electrolysis and PEM fuel cells

Electrodes for polymer electrolyte membrane electrolyzers and fuel cells are manufactured by coating a catalyst dispersion, consisting of precious metal, ionomer and solvents, onto a substrate that is subsequently dried. One target of current research is to produce square meter-sized electrodes, but so far the homogeneity that can be achieved in this scaling is unclear. To quantify the achievable homogeneity of an electrode, manufactured by means of slot die coating in a roll-to-roll pilot plant, this study focuses first on the selection of an appropriate substrate by investigating thickness, basis weight and surface free energy distribution at the square meter scale. Afterward, a dispersion is coated on the selected substrate, dried and investigated with respect to thickness and basis weight distribution. Among the investigated substrates, Kapton has the smallest scatter in terms of thickness and basis weight. The subsequent coating results in a precious metal loading of 1.10 mg cm\(^{-2}\), with a scattering of 5.5% that can be further reduced to 4.5% when edge effects can be prevented. These results are now available for further research in which it is necessary to investigate whether or not these fluctuations affect the achievable electrochemical efficiencies of electrodes.     

Polymorph Selectivity of Coccolith‐Associated Polysaccharides from Gephyrocapsa Oceanica on Calcium Carbonate Formation In Vitro

Coccolith‐associated polysaccharides (CAPs) are thought to be a key part of the biomineralization process in coccolithophores; however, their role is not fully understood. Two different systems that promote different polymorphs of calcium carbonate are used to show the effect of CAPs on nucleation and polymorph selection in vitro. Using a combination of time‐resolved cryo‐transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy, the mechanisms of calcite nucleation and growth in the presence of the intracrystalline fraction are examined containing CAPs extracted from coccoliths from Gephyrocapsa oceanica and Emiliania huxleyi, two closely related coccolithophore species. The CAPs extracted from G. oceanica are shown to promote calcite nucleation in vitro, even under conditions favoring the kinetic products of calcium carbonate, vaterite, and aragonite. This is not the case with CAPs extracted from E. huxleyi, suggesting that the functional role of CAPs in vivo may be different between the two species. Additionally, high‐resolution synchrotron powder X‐ray diffraction has revealed that the polysaccharide is located between grain boundaries of both calcite produced in the presence of the CAPs in vitro and biogenic calcite, rather than within the crystal lattice.     

Field investigations of the 2013–14 drought through quali-quantitative freshwater monitoring at the headwaters of the Cantareira System,Brazil

Integrating seasonal patterns of water availability and land-use/land-cover change is crucial in watershed planning. Often, these are not considered under hydrological extremes affecting decision making. This article presents results from a multi-site, nested catchment experiment carried out during a dry period in the Cantareira Water Supply System, South-East Brazil, linking quali-quantitative freshwater monitoring to land-use/land-cover change. Results from 17 catchments show regional behaviour for nitrate loads and drainage areas (0.66–925 km²). An inverse correlation between forest cover and water yield was observed. Despite forest growth in spatial extent, nutrient loads showed potential hazards for water security.